Anatomy I Final Exam

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of structure

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of function

Question 3

Levels of Organization

Answer 3

1. Subatomic particles - electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.
2. Atoms - hydrogen atom
3. Molecules - H2O molecules
4. Macromolecule - DNA molecule
5. Organelle - mitochondria
6. Cell - nerve cell
7. Tissue - epithelia, connective, etc.
8. Organ - skin, heart, lungs, etc.
9. Organ system - circulatory, cardiovascular, etc.
10. Organism - human

Question 4

Characteristics of Life

Answer 4

1. Movement - change in position
2. Responsiveness - reaction to change
3. Growth - increase in body size
4. Reproduction - production of new organisms
5. Respiration - obtaining O2, removing CO2

Question 5

Requirements of Life

Answer 5

1. Water - required for several metabolic processes; transports substances; regulates body temp
2. Food - provides energy
3. Oxygen - used to drive metabolic processes
4. Heat - controls how fast or slow chemical reactions take place
5. Pressure - plays an important role in breathing, keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

Maintenance of the internal environment of the body within the normal range

Question 7

Homeostatic Mechanism

Answer 7

A self regulating control system. (Negative feedback system)

System has:

• Receptors: provide information about stimuli
• Control Center (set point): stimuli is compared here to determine change
• Effectors (muscles or glands): cause responses that alter conditions caused by the stimuli
• Response: change is corrected

Question 8

Matter

Answer 8

Anything that takes up space and has mass; composed of elements

Question 9

Element

Answer 9

Composed of chemically identical atoms

Question 10

Atoms

Answer 10

Smallest particle of an element; composed of subatomic particles

Question 11

Ions

Answer 11

Gained or lost 1 or more electrons

Question 12

Molecule

Answer 12

Formed by chemical union of 2 or more atoms

Question 13

Isotopes

Answer 13

Atoms with same atomic # but different mass #

Question 14

Covalent Bond

Answer 14

Formed when atoms share electrons

Question 15

Ionic Bonds

Answer 15

Attraction between an anion and cation

Question 16

Anion

Answer 16

Negatively charged ion

Question 17

Cation

Answer 17

Positively charged ion

Question 18

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 18

Weak bonds; the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule

Question 19

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 19

A + B -> AB

Question 20

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 20

AB -> A + B

Question 21

Exchange Reaction

Answer 21

AB + CD -> AD + CB

Question 22

Catalyst

Answer 22

Chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction

Question 23

What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?

Answer 23

When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave each other, or dissociate.

Question 24

Electrolytes

Answer 24

Substances that release ions in water

Question 25

Acid

Answer 25

Electrolytes that dissociate to release H+ ions in water

Question 26

Base

Answer 26

Electrolytes that release ions that can combine with H+ ions (OH-)

Question 27

Salts

Answer 27

Electrolyte formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

Question 28

pH Scale

Answer 28

``` >7 = Acidic (High [H+]) 7 = Neutral ```

Question 29

Organic vs Inorganic Molecules

Answer 29

Organic compounds have carbon and hydrogen. All other chemicals are inorganic.

Question 30

Dehydration Systhesis vs Hydrolysis

Answer 30

Dehydration Synthesis removes water. Hydrolysis adds water.

Question 31

Enzymes

Answer 31

Catalysts; speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed

Question 32

DNA vs. RNA

Answer 32

DNA - double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helix; stores information for protein synthesis RNA - single polynucleotide chain; use the information stored by DNA to construct specific protein molecules