Anatomy I Final Exam Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure
Physiology
Study of function
Levels of Organization
- Subatomic particles - electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.
- Atoms - hydrogen atom
- Molecules - H2O molecules
- Macromolecule - DNA molecule
- Organelle - mitochondria
- Cell - nerve cell
- Tissue - epithelia, connective, etc.
- Organ - skin, heart, lungs, etc.
- Organ system - circulatory, cardiovascular, etc.
- Organism - human
Characteristics of Life
- Movement - change in position
- Responsiveness - reaction to change
- Growth - increase in body size
- Reproduction - production of new organisms
- Respiration - obtaining O2, removing CO2
Requirements of Life
- Water - required for several metabolic processes; transports substances; regulates body temp
- Food - provides energy
- Oxygen - used to drive metabolic processes
- Heat - controls how fast or slow chemical reactions take place
- Pressure - plays an important role in breathing, keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of the internal environment of the body within the normal range
Homeostatic Mechanism
A self regulating control system. (Negative feedback system)
System has:
- Receptors: provide information about stimuli
- Control Center (set point): stimuli is compared here to determine change
- Effectors (muscles or glands): cause responses that alter conditions caused by the stimuli
- Response: change is corrected
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass; composed of elements
Element
Composed of chemically identical atoms
Atoms
Smallest particle of an element; composed of subatomic particles
Ions
Gained or lost 1 or more electrons
Molecule
Formed by chemical union of 2 or more atoms
Isotopes
Atoms with same atomic # but different mass #
Covalent Bond
Formed when atoms share electrons
Ionic Bonds
Attraction between an anion and cation
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Cation
Positively charged ion
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds; the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
Synthesis Reaction
A + B -> AB
Decomposition Reaction
AB -> A + B
Exchange Reaction
AB + CD -> AD + CB
Catalyst
Chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction
What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave each other, or dissociate.
Electrolytes
Substances that release ions in water
Acid
Electrolytes that dissociate to release H+ ions in water
Base
Electrolytes that release ions that can combine with H+ ions (OH-)
Salts
Electrolyte formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
pH Scale
>7 = Acidic (High [H+]) 7 = Neutral
Organic vs Inorganic Molecules
Organic compounds have carbon and hydrogen.
All other chemicals are inorganic.
Dehydration Systhesis vs Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis removes water.
Hydrolysis adds water.
Enzymes
Catalysts; speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed
DNA vs. RNA
DNA - double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helix; stores information for protein synthesis
RNA - single polynucleotide chain; use the information stored by DNA to construct specific protein molecules
