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Physical Therapy > Anatomy I - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Anatomy I - Connective Tissue Flashcards

Connective Tissue

1
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A
  1. Cells, though few when compared with epithelial tissue
  2. Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
  3. Present in many different forms throughout the body
  4. Highly vascular (with some exceptions)
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2
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

1) Loose (areolar) CT
2) Dense CT
a) Irregular CT (alias: Dense Irregular CT)
b) Regular CT (alias: Dense Regular CT)

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3
Q

Special CT

A

a) Elastic CT
b) Adipose CT
(c) Reticular CT
(d) Embryonic CT

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4
Q

Supporting Tissue

A

1) Cartilage

2) Bone

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5
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  1. Binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues
    a. Underlies all epithelia
    b. Fills in spaces
  2. Protects, insulates, and repairs internal organs
    a. Encases vulnerable organs, e.g., the brain being housed in the cranium
    b. Provides soft beds of fat, e.g., the kidneys embedded in lumbar fat
    c. Assists in temperature regulation
    d. Source of undifferentiated cells for repair purposes
    3
  3. Compartmentalizes structures
    a. Isolates separate groups of skeletal muscle
    b. Provides filtration spaces in certain organs, e.g., the glomerulus of the kidney
  4. Transport system
    a. Blood cells and plasma
    b. Fluids within the extracellular matrix
  5. Site of stored energy reserves, e.g., fat
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6
Q

Connective Tissue Composition

A
  1. Consists of two basic elements
    a. Cells
    b. Extracellular matrix (ECM, or simply, matrix)
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7
Q

Mesenchymal cell (a type of embryonic cell)

A 
Ancestral cell to most of the cells
of adult CT:
a. Fibroblast
b. Adipocyte
c. Chondroblast
d. Osteoblast
e. Odontoblast (teeth)
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8
Q

Bone marrow

A

Precursor cells give rise to other cell types:

a. Mast cell
b. Macrophage

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9
Q

Fibroblasts

A

large, fusiform-shaped, branching cells present in most types of connective
tissue; most numerous of the connective tissue classes of cells; secretes and maintains
the matrix; acts as a type of stem cell which is capable of migrating throughout matrix
secreting new ground substance and matrix (as required) for wound and tissue repair

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10
Q

Adipocytes

A

aka Fat Cells, or Adipose Cells

a. Large spherical cells
1) In profile view, they look like a signet ring
b. Synthesize and store triglycerides
1) Actually, a large vacuole of fat
c. Essential for life – a filler, food, insulator

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11
Q

Mast Cells

A

a. Mast cells contain numerous granules
1) Granules contain primary mediators of immune/inflammatory response:
a) Heparin (chondroitin sulfate – a sulfated
glycosaminoglycan [GAG])
b) Histamines
c) Proteases
d) Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)
e) Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)
6
b. Mast cells also produce (synthesize) secondary mediators that are not stored in
the cell, but rather released immediately
1) Secondary mediators from membrane arachidonic acid precursors
a) Leukotrienes
b) Thromboxanes
c) Prostaglandins
d) Cytokines (to numerous to mention)
c. Mast cells function in the immune system by initiating an inflammatory response
known as the immediate hypersensitivity reaction (systemically, referred to as
anaphylactic reaction)

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12
Q

Macrophages – alias: Histiocytes

A

a. Irregularly shaped cells
1) Contains many finger-like filopodia for phagocytosis
b. Arise from bone marrow precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
1) This system  phagocytic cells having different names for their location
a) Kupffer cells – liver
b) Dust cells – lungs
c) Langerhans cells – skin
d) Monocytes – blood
e) Osteoclasts – bone
f) Microglia – neural tissue
g) Macrophages – CT

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13
Q

Function of macrophages

A

1) Phagocytose (and digest) dead and damaged cells, cellular debris
2) Assist in ‘defense’ by phagocytizing and destroying foreign substances,
including microorganisms
3) During immune response, factors released by lymphocytes activate
macrophages; become motile (exhibit increased locomotion)

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14
Q

Wandering Cells

A
  1. Plasma cells

2. Leukocytes

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15
Q

Plasma cells

A

a. Large ovoid cells
b. Present throughout all CT, though present in greatest numbers in CT subject to
chronic inflammation
c. Produce and secrete antibodies

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16
Q

Leukocytes

A 
The class of circulating cells (WBC) that respond to inflammation and the
immune system
a. Lymphocytes 
b. Monocytes 
c. Neutrophils 
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils (similar to mast cells)
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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WBC’s that circulate in the bloodstream, migrating through the
capillary walls and into the CT during times of inflammation

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18
Q

Monocytes

A

the macrophages of the blood

19
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytose and digest bacteria in areas of acute inflammation,
resulting in the formation of pus – the accumulation of dead neutrophils and
debris

20
Q

Eosinophils

A

combat parasites by releasing cytotoxins; moderate allergic

reactions and phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes

21
Q

Basophils (similar to mast cells)

A

release primary and secondary mediators

that initiate, maintain, and control the inflammatory process

22
Q

Matrix (Extracellular Matrix)

A

Composed of ground substance and fibers; resists compressive and stretching forces

23
Q

Ground Substance

A

the component of connective tissue that occupies the space

between the cells and fibers; a hydrated, amorphous material

24
Q

Ground Substance

A 
Typically absent in histological preparations as processing washes ground
substance away
b. Ground substance is composed of:
1) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
2) Proteoglycans
3) Adhesive glycoproteins
25
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

long, unbranched polymers of

repeating disaccharides

26
Q

Proteoglycans

A

protein cores to which various GAGs are
covalently linked… for example to
a) Hyaluronic acid, thus forming huge macromolecules
called aggrecan aggregates
b) Responsible for the gel state of the extracellular matrix

27
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

large
macromolecules responsible for
fastening the various components of the
extracellular matrix to one another and to
integrins and dystroglycans of the cell
membrane; occur as various types:
a) Laminin – localized at the
basement membrane
b) Chondronectin – localized in cartilage
c) Osteonectin – localized in bone
d) Fibronectin – generally dispersed throughout matrix

28
Q

Fibers

A

derived from fibroblasts

29
Q

Collagen fibers

A

very strong and resist pulling forces (possess great tensile
strength); promote tissue flexibility; arranged in parallel bundles and composed of
fine subunits by tropocollagen molecules

30
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Each collagen fiber is composed of three (alpha)-chains wrapped around
each other in a helical configuration

Though present in as many as 15 different types, six major types are
generally recognized
a) Type I – in CT proper, bone, dentin, tendon, joint capsule, and
dermis of skin
b) Type II – in hyaline and elastic cartilages
c) Type III – reticular fibers

31
Q

Collagen fibers - Significance

A

a) Provides the basis for tissue strength and resiliency
b) Production and degradation rates change with age
- Production outpaces degradation in young
- Degradation outpaces production in aged
- Production necessary for wound healing
– Dependent upon proper nutrition
— Vitamin C
— Key amino acids
— Minerals, e.g., copper, zinc
— Growth factors
— Hormones
c) Defects in synthesis and/or degradation of collagen may
contributes to numerous diseases, e.g.,
- cancers
- arthritis
- emphysema
- osteoporosis
- fibrotic diseases (including heart valves)

32
Q

Elastic fibers

A

small, branching fibers that form a network; derived from

fibroblasts

33
Q

Elastic fibers

A 
1) Highly distensible –
though resist stretching
2) May be stretched up to
150% of their relaxed length,
then return to
original length
3) Composed from elastin
and microfibrils
34
Q

Reticular fibers

A

fibers that form an

extensive network in certain organs, primarily lymphatic organs.

35
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A 
The recognized types of CT Proper, which differ in their location, function, and histology,
are:
Loose, or areolar, CT
Dense CT
Special CT
Supporting Tissue
36
Q

Loose, or areolar, CT

A

Fills in the spaces of the body; few fibers
1) Located:
- Deep to the skin
- Deep to the lining of the internal body cavities
- Associated with the adventitia (outer covering) of the blood vessels
- Surrounds the parenchyma of glands
2) Loose CT of the mucous membranes is called the lamina propria
3) Loose CT is characterized by an abundance of ground substance and
extracellular fluid
4) Scattered throughout this tissue are:
- Fibroblasts
- Fat cells
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Undifferentiated cells
- Loosely woven collagen fibers
- Lacey reticular fibers
- Some loosely scattered elastic fibers

37
Q

Dense CT

A

like Loose CT but with more fibers than cells; fiber arrangement
forms, or gives rise to, two different types of Dense CT:
1) Dense Irregular CT
2) Dense Regular CT

38
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

a) Contains coarse collagen fibers densely packed and oriented
into parallel cylinders or sheets that resists tensile forces
b) Again, little space is left for ground substance or cells
c) Some fibroblasts are located between the bundles of collagen,
with their long axis parallel to the bundles of fibers (appear to be
squeeze in)
d) Located in:
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Aponeuroses

39
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

a) Contains mostly coarse collagen fibers interwoven into a
meshwork in order to resists stress from all directions
b) Collagen fibers are so tightly packed that there is little space for
ground substance of cells
c) A fine network of elastic fibers are often found in this tissue
d) Fibroblasts, as well as all other cell types, are found scattered
amongst the collagen fibers
e) Located:
- Dermis of skin
- Sheath of nerves
- Capsule of spleen
- Gonads (testes and ovaries)
- Kidney
- Lymph nodes

40
Q

Special CT

A

1) Elastic CT
2) Adipose CT
3. Reticular Tissue
4. Embryonic CT

41
Q

Elastic CT

A

a) Contains coarse, branching elastic fibers with only a few
collagen fibers present
b) Elastic fibers are arranged parallel to each other and form either
sheets or fenestrae (fenestrated membranes)
c) Some fibroblasts are present in the interstitial spaces
d) Located:
- Large blood vessels
- Ligamenta flava (of vertebral column)

42
Q

Adipose CT

A

a) Contains (each cell) a single droplet of lipid
b) Heavily supplied with blood vessels
c) Cell membranes contain receptors (for the uptake and release
of free fatty acids and glycerol) which include:
- Insulin
- Growth hormone
- Norepinephrine
- Glucocorticoids
d) Adipose CT is locally
stored differently between the
sexes

43
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

a very delicate tissue that forms a 3-D network that supports
cells. This is a specialized type of loose connective tissue that provides the
architectural framework and creates a special environment for hematopoietic
organs and lymphoid organs (bone marrow, lymph nodes and nodules, spleen).

44
Q

Embryonic CT – alias: Mesenchyme

A

1) Associated with a fetus and related organs

Physical Therapy (5 decks)

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