Anatomy, Histology & Physiology (Week 18) Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
Greek word: ana(up), temnein(cut)
- To cut up/dissect
- Structure (morphology) of body parts and how they are organised
Definition of Physiology
Greek word: Physios (nature), logia (study)
- Function of body parts (what they do & how)
Organisation of the Human Body
Cells -> Tissues -> Organ -> Organ System -> human
Definition of Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in a living system. Energy production & nutrient cycling.
Definition of Growth
Increase in cell number and size, increase in body size
Definition of Reproduction
Production of new cells and organisms
Definition of Responsiveness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
Definition of Movement
Change in body position or location; motion of internal organs
Definition of Respiration
Making energy - most organisms do this by taking in O2 and removing CO2
Definition of Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller and simpler form to be absorbed and used.
Definition of Circulation
Movement of cells & substances through body fluids
Definition of Homeostasis
- Condition of a stable environment.
- Its maintained by the body through various homeostatic mechanisms
STIMULUS
1. Receptors
2. Control Centre
3. Effectors (muscles or glands)
RESPONSE
(REPEAT)
Definition of Excretion
Removal of waste products
Definition of Positive Feedback
Process where a change keeps increasing in the same direction
Example: Contractions during child birth gets stronger until baby is born
Definition of Negative Feedback
A process where a change is corrected by bringing the system back to normal.
Example: Sweating cools the body when it gets too hot.
Definition of Cytology
Greek word: Kytos (hollow basket), logia (study.
Study of cells
Definition of Histology
Greek word: Histos (tissue, any woven material) and logia (study)
Study of the microscopy structure of plant and animal tissues - also called microscopic anatomy
Four main cell types in the body
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Superior
Part is above another body part
Inferior
Part is below another part
Anterior (Ventral)
Towards the front
Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the back
Medial
Body part closer to midline than another part
Lateral
Body part further away from midline
Bilateral
Paired structured, one on each side of midline (e.g lungs are bilateral)
Ipsilateral
Structures on the same side of the midline
Contralateral
Structures on the opposite side
Proximal
Body part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
Distal
Body part farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
Superficial
Situated near the surface (e.g epidermis)
Deep
Parts that are more internal than superficial parts (e.g dermis)
Sagittal
Lengthwise plane that divides body into right and left parts
Medial (midsagittal)
Sagittal plane passes along midline and divides the body into equal parts
Parasagittal
Sagittal section lateral to midline
Transverse (horizontal)
Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Frontal (Coronal)
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Explain Function, Location & Characteristics of
EPITHELIAL
Function: Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion
Location: Cover body surface, cover & line internal organs, secreting portions of glands
Characteristics: Lack blood cells, readily divide, closely packed cells, single or multiple layers
Explain Function, Location & Characteristics of
CONNECTIVE
Function: Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
Location: Widely distributed throughout body
Characteristics: Mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than epithelial cells with extracellular matrix in between
Explain Function, Location & Characteristics of
MUSCLE
Function: Movement
Location: Attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart
Characteristics: Able to generate forces in response to specific stimuli
Explain Function, Location & Characteristics of
NERVOUS
Function: Conduct impulses for coordination. Regulation, integration, and sensory reception
Location: Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves
Characteristics: Cells communicate with each other and other body parts by receiving and sending stimuli
Types of Epithelium
- Simple squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple columnar
- Stratified Squamous
- Stratified cuboidal
Describe Connective Tissue
- Most abundant and widely distributed
- Bind structures, provide support and protection, store fat, fill spaces, produce blood cells, protect against infections, repair tissue damage
- Cells spread apart with abundance of extracellular matrix lying between them
Describe Function and Location of
AREOLAR TISSUE
Loose connective tissue
Function: Bind organs
Location: Beneath skin & epithelial cells, between muscles
Describe Function and Location of
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Loose connective tissue
Function: Protects, insulates, stores fat
Location: Beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on heart surface
Describe Function and Location of
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose connective tissue
Function: Supports
Location: In walls of liver and spleen
Describe Function and Location of
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose connective tissue
Function: Binds body parts
Location: Tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin
Describe Function and Location of
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Specialised connective tissue
Function: Supports, protects, framework
Location: Ends of bones, nose, walls of respiratory passages (rings)
Describe Function and Location of
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Specialised connective tissue
Function: Supports, protects, flexible framework
Location: Framework of external ear and parts larynx
Describe Function and Location of
FIBROCARTILAGE
Specialised connective tissue
Function: Supports, protects, shock absorber
Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
Describe Function and Location of
BONE
Specialised connective tissue
Function: Supports, protects framework
Location: Bones of skeleton
Describe Function and Location of
BLOOD
Specialised connective tissue
Function: Transport, helps maintain homeostasis
Location: Whole body within closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
State the points for Compact Bone
- External layer of bones
- Bulk of diaphysis
- Arranged in osteons
- No/limited gaps between Osteons
State the points for Spongy Bone
- Bulk of epiphyses
- Short, flat & irregular bones
- Arranged in trabeculae (branching bony plates
- Bone marrow fills spaces within spongy bone
