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FSM Pulmonary > Anatomy/Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy/Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which ribs do the A) anterior, B) lateral, and C) posterior sides of the lungs extend to?

A

A) anterior = 6th rib, B) lateral = 8th rib, and C) posterior = 10th rib

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2
Q

Which ribs do the A) anterior, B) lateral, and C) posterior sides of the parietal pleura extend to?

A

A) anterior = 8th rib, B) lateral = 10th rib, and C) posterior = 12th rib

(*two ribs below the lung margin)

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3
Q

What defines the hilum of any organ?

A

It is where structures enter and leave

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4
Q

What is the highest structure in the lung hilum?

A

Pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What is the lowest structure in the lung hilum?

A

Pulmonary veins

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6
Q

Where do bronchial arteries come from?

A

The descending aorta.

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7
Q

What is the difference between the functions of the bronchial vs pulmonary arteries?

A

Bronchial arteries bring oxygenated blood for the lung tissue, pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for gas exchange.

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8
Q

Where does bronchial circulation drain?

A

Most drains into pulmonary veins and mixes with the venous blood, but some drains to the azygous system.

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9
Q

What is contained in the autonomic plexus on the bronchi and pulmonary arteries?

A

Presynaptic parasympathetics (from vagus nerve, innervate bronchial smooth muscle and glands)

Postsynaptic sympathetics (from cardiopulmonary splanchnic trunk, innervate vascular smooth muscle)

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10
Q

Where do aspirated objects tend to do?

A

Right bronchus (more vertical and shorter than left)

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11
Q

What is the carina?

A

Cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea

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12
Q

What do secondary bronchi supply?

A

Lobes - also called lobar bronchi.

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13
Q

What is the eparterial bronchus?

A

Right upper lobar bronchus (above its lobar artery)

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14
Q

What is the bronchus intermedius?

A

Bronchus on right side that divides into the middle and lower secondary bronchi in right lung.

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15
Q

What do tertiary bronchi supply?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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16
Q

What defines bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Tertiary bronchi and their corresponding arteries. They are separated by CT septae, along which run veins.

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17
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

A

10 in right lung, 8 in left lung

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18
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

The smallest lung units that can be surgically removed.

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19
Q

What do Kerley B lines indicate?

A

In a PA CXR, indicate dilated lymphatics in interlobular septa.

Would be at the periphery of lung bases.

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20
Q

How do the ribs slope, and what is the consequence?

A

Inferiorly - raising the rib cage is like a bucket handle and increases the intrathoracic volume by increasing rib cage diameter.

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21
Q

What increases intrathoracic volume in quiet inspiration?

A

Contraction, aka lowering, of the diaphragm.

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22
Q

What muscles are used in regular forceful inspiration?

A

External intercostals

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23
Q

What accessory muscles are used in inspiration?

A

Pectoralis (both), serratus anterior, scalene muscles (in neck)

24
Q

What muscles are used in expiration (Check that this is only when forceful?)?

A

Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

25
Q

How many generations of airway branching occurs from the trachea to the alveolar sacs?

A

23

26
Q

How many branching generations make up the conducting zone of the airways?

A

16

27
Q

What defines the respiratory zone of the airways?

A

Alveoli for gas exchange. This starts at respiratory bronchioles and ends at alveoli - the distal 7 branching generations.

28
Q

What is the branching sequence of airways?

A

Trachea - bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary) - bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli

29
Q

What type of epithelium lines the conducting airways (respiratory epithelium)?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

There are also cilia and mucus-secreting goblet cells.

30
Q

What are the components of the trachea?

A

*no continuous muscle layer

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings and loose CT (lamina propria)

elastic membrane (between mucosa and submucosa)

dense submucosa CT with nerves, vessels

fibroelastic membrane and trachealis muscle at the ends of the cartilage rings

31
Q

What are the histological components of bronchi?

A

Cartilage plates, continuous smooth muscle, respiratory epithelium, goblet cells

32
Q

What are the histological components of bronchioles?

A

Thick muscle layer, no cartilage* or glands

33
Q

What are the histological changes from conducting to respiratory zone?

A

Epithelium changes from ciliated, pseudostratified to simple columnar, then simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles.

Goblet cells are replaced in terminal bronchioles by dome-shaped, simple cuboidal club (Clara) cells that secrete a surface active lipoprotein.

34
Q

What do bronchioles supply?

A

Pulmonary (secondary) lobule (subdivisions of bronchopulmonary segments)

35
Q

What do terminal bronchioles supply?

A

Acinus

36
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Functional unit of the lung that contains all alveolar components

37
Q

About how many alveoli are there in each lung?

A

Over 200 million

38
Q

Which type of alveolar cell is most prevalent?

A

Type II (60%)

39
Q

Which type of alveolar cells makes up most of the surface area?

A

Type I (95%)

less prevalent but thinner

40
Q

What comprises the alveolar septum (air-blood barrier)?

A

Type I pneumocytes, capillary endothelium, shared basal lamina

*this is very thin

41
Q

What do type II pneumocytes secrete?

A

Surfactant AND surfactant proteins (A, B, C, D) that regulate and spread surfactant, and modulate immune/allergic reactions.

42
Q

What are alveolar ducts vs alveolar sacs?

A

Alveolar ducts = walls made up of alveoli

Alveolar sacs = clusters of alveoli opening into a central, terminal space

43
Q

What is the mechanism of gas movement in the conduction zone?

A

Convection

44
Q

What is the mechanism of gas movement in the respiratory zone?

A

Diffusion

45
Q

Where in the lung can sounds from air movement be heard?

A

Only un the bronchi (because distal gas movement is by diffusion)

46
Q

What do elastic fibers in the lung do?

A

They tether the lung! They are oriented in all directions and keep the airways and lung surface connected.

If surface tension is broken, they contribute to lung collapse (Ex: tension pneumothorax)

47
Q

From which embryonic structure do the larynx, trachea, and lungs develop?

A

Laryngotracheal (lung bud) diverticulum of splanchnopleure, which grows ventrally off the foregut.

48
Q

What is the embryologic origin of respiratory epithelium?

A

Endoderm

49
Q

What are the embryologic origins of cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue, visceral pleura (everything but airways)?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

50
Q

What lung development occurs in the embryonic period? What weeks is this? What is the epithelial status?

A

Branching of the bronchi. 0-6 weeks.

Epithelium is undifferentiated, simple cuboidal.

51
Q

What lung development occurs in the pseudoglandular period? What weeks is this? What is the epithelial status?

A

Branching to terminal bronchioles (no air exchange segments yet), blood vessels growing but not attached to airway. 6-16 weeks. Epithelium starts to differentiate (CHECK that this means into the cuboidal vs pseudostrat?)

52
Q

What lung development occurs in the canalicular period? What weeks is this? What is the epithelial status?

A

Branching down to primordial alveolar ducts, now surrounded by vascular network. 16-26 weeks. Epithelium thinning at alveoli. Breathing possible but no surfactant.

53
Q

What lung development occurs in the saccular period? What weeks is this? What is the epithelial status?

A

Elaboration of primordial alveoli, differentiation of Types I and II cells. 26 weeks to birth. Surfactant is produced, preterm can survive.

54
Q

What time and development stage does surfactant become produced?

A

30-32 weeks, saccular stage

55
Q

What lung development occurs in the alveolar period? What weeks is this? What is the epithelial status?

A

Alveoli and acini develop and more airway branching happens. After birth (32 weeks) to 8 years.

56
Q

About how many of the adult alveoli are present at birth?

A

Half

FSM Pulmonary (3 decks)

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