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Neuroscience > Anatomy- head and neck > Flashcards

Anatomy- head and neck Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the name of the dural petition that houses the pituitary gland?

A

Diaphragma sellae

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3
Q

What forms the confluence of sinuses?

What sinus come off it? What does it become?

A

superior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus (from ISS and great cerebral)

Transverse sinus comes from it, which becomes sigmoid then IJV

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4
Q

What contributes to the cavernous sinus?

What goes through it?

A

Cerebral, emissory and opthalmic veins

SOF nerves and ICA

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5
Q

What two bones are most fragile in orbit? where do they go if broken?

A

Lacrimal- to maxilllary sinus (blow out fracture)

Ethmoid- into extra-ocular muscles causing double vision

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6
Q

How does aqueous humour get out of the eye?

A

Via the anterior chamber angle

  • Ciliary body
  • Pupil
  • Trabecular meshwork
  • Canal of schlemm

Then goes into venous supply

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7
Q

What is presbyopia?

Whats it caused by?

A

Loss of accomodation which age

Caused by reduction in flexibility of lens and zonules

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8
Q

What are the two muscles of the orbit, what do they do and what nerve innervates them?

A

Obicularis orbit closes lid; facial

Levator palpebrae superiosis elevates lid; oculomotor

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9
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

Which one contains blood vessels?

What muscle is contained in it?

A

Skin, connective tissue (dense) which contains vessels, Aponeurosis with occipitofrontalis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

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10
Q

3 reasons why scalp lacerations bleed like a mother fucker

A
  1. Two bellies of the aponeurosis pulling it open
  2. Rich blood supply from the anastamoses of IC and EC
  3. Fibrous septa hold arteries open, making contracting/ clotting harder
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11
Q

What is the arterial supply to the superficial face?

A

Facial artery from EC does most

Supraorbital and supratrochlea from IC does anterior superior parts of scalp

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12
Q

What is the arterial supply to the lateral and posterior scalp?

A

External carotid

  • Superficial temporal does lateral
  • Posterior auricular does a little bit of posterior
  • Occipital does most of posterior
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13
Q

How can infection spread from skin of face (especially around nose) spread to inside the cranium?

A

From thrombophletbitis that travels from facial vein via opthalmic veins (acting as large emissary veins) to the cavernous sinus

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14
Q

What nerve, artery and vein are in the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve (pes anserinus)

Retromandibular vein (branches into ST and Max vein)

External carotid (branches into ST and Max artery)

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15
Q

What nerve supplies the external ear?

A

Vagus does postero/inferior

V3 trigem does antero/superior and outside of TM

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16
Q

What innervates stapedius and tensor tympani and what do they do?

A

Stapedius innervated by facial nerve

tensor tympani innervated by trigeminal V3

the dampen loud ossifications protecting the sensory receptors

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17
Q

What arteries does internal carotid give off?

A

anterior cerebral

middle cerebral

posterior communicating

opthalmic

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18
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

What are consequences if blocked?

A

Medial part of frontal and parietal lobe

SS and motor to lower limb

If blocked see contralateral spastic paralysis of LL and hemi-anaesthesia

19
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

What would you see if blocked?

A

Lateral surface of frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Inferior surface of temporal lobe

SS and motor for body except LL

Language areas on dominant side

Spastic paralysis on contralateral side
Hemi-anaesthesia on contralateral side
Language deficits if blocked on language dominant side (majority left)

20
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

If blocked?

A

Inferior surface of temporal

Medial surface of occipital

Primary visual cortex

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

21
Q

What blood supplies the midbrain, pons and medulla?

A

Midbrain

  • Posterior cerebral
  • Superior cerebellar

Pons

  • Basilar pointine branches

Midbrain

Anterior spinal

Posterior inferior cerebellar

Vertebral

22
Q

In medial medullary syndrome

  • What artery is blocked?
  • What nerves are affected and whats the consequence?
A
  • Anterior spinal artery blocked
  • Hypoglossal nucleus; ipislater paralysis and atrophy of tongue
  • Medullary pyramids; contralateral hemiparesis
  • Medial lemniscus; contralateral somatosensory hemideficit
23
Q

What are some consequences of breaking your ethmoid bone?

A

Can get bleeding or infection into meninges

Can get rhinnorhea

24
Q

What nerve supplies the antero/superior quadrand and then the postero/inferior quadrant of the nasal cavity

What nerve supplies the different paranasal sinuses?

A

Ethmoidal branches from V1 do antero/superior quadrant and frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinus

V2 does postero/inferior (nasopalantine medially and greater palantine medially) and maxillary (superior alveolar)

25
Q

What opens into the superior, middle and inferior meatus

A

Superior; spenoethmoidal recess (S, Pos E)

Middle; Hiatus semiluanris (Ant E, F, Max), Bulba ethmoidalis (Mid E)

Inferior; nasolacrimal duct

26
Q

what is the arterial supply for the anterior, superior, inferior and posterior quadrants of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior; ethmoidal from opthalmic–> IC

Posterior; sphenopalantine–> EC

Inferior: great palantine–> EC

Anterior; Labial medially and facial laterally –> EC

27
Q

What muscles:

  • Retract tongue
  • Pertrude tongue
  • Depress tongue
  • Elevate tongue
A

Retract- styloglossus

Pertrude- genioglossue

Depress- hyoglossus

Elevate- Palatoglossus

28
Q

What is the nerve and taste supply to the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal does taste and sensation to posterior 1/3

Lingual (V3) does sensation to anterior 1/3 and chorda tympani (facial) does taste anterior 1/3

29
Q

What muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing and coughing? What muscle helps it do this and what nerves supply them?

A

Levator veli palantini

Tensor veli palantini helps it do this.

LVP supplied by vagus and TVP supplied by V3

30
Q

What lymphoid tissue forms Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

Tubal lymphoid tissue

Palantine

Lingual

31
Q

What laryngeal muscle abducts the vocal cords?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

32
Q

What is the effect of damaging the recurrent laryngeal?

How about the superior laryngeal?

A

Recurrent- hoarse voice and stridor

Superior- Low pitch sounding

33
Q

Where do scalenus anterior and medius attach? What runs in betwene them?

A

Anterior- anterior tubercle of transverse mass of cervical vertebrae, medius to posterior tubercle.

Brachial plexus and subclavian artery run in between them.

34
Q

What’s the longest prevertebral muscle?

A

Longus colli

35
Q

Which tubercle is the carotid tubercle?

Where does the CC bifurcate?

Where does the vertebral artery enter the TF?

A

Anterior tubercle of C6

C4

C6-C1

36
Q

Where do spinal nerves run in reference to C1-C2 vs the rest?

A

C1-C2 they run posterior to the facet joint

Rest they run anterior - more prone to osteophytic outgrowths

37
Q

What is breaking in a hangman fracture?

What about in a Jeffersons fracture?

A

HM- Pedicles of the axis

Jeff- pedicle and anterior arch

38
Q

What is in the visceral compartment of the neck?

What fascia encloses it and where is its rostral and caudal attachments?

A

Trachea, oesophagus, thyroid, parathyroid

Pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia posteriorly.

Goes from hyoid bone to arch of aorta

39
Q

What are the 6 branches of the external carotid?

A

Anterior

  • Superior thyroid
  • Lingual
  • Facial

Posterior

  • Posterior auricular
  • Occipital

Internal

  • Ascending pharyngeal
40
Q

What artery, vein and nerves do you have in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

External and internal carotid

IJV and anterior jugular vein

Glossopharyngeal, vagus

Accessory (just for a little and no branches) and hypoglossal

41
Q

What muscles do we see in the posterior triangle of the neck?

What important vessels (and branches) and nerves pass through it?

A

Pre and post vertebral muscles (including scalenes)

So SCA going through scalenes. SCV in front of them.

SCA gives off vertebral and thyrocervical trunk

Brachial plexus also between, so see all important upper limb vessels traversing lowest part of posterior triangle

Cervical plexus; does all the neck muscles and sends ansa cervicalis to strap muscles in anterior triangle

Accessory nerve

42
Q

All the internal jugular vein is the jugulodigastric node and the jugulo-omohyoid node. What is their clinical significance?

A

JD drains palantine tonsil

JO is last pre thoracic duct

43
Q

What is the most used imaging modality for the head and neck?

A

CT; great for soft tissues and bone. MRI better with brain and spinal cord though

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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