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BIOM3020 > Anatomy + Functions Of The Neural Endocrine System > Flashcards

Anatomy + Functions Of The Neural Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between neural and endocrine transmission?

A

Neural trans. is fast but short lived. Endocrine transmission (via hormones) isn’t as fast (can take hours to take effect) but the effects last for a longer stretch of time (hours - days).

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2
Q

What are the components of the peripheral NS?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia (auto and somatic) and peripheral nerves.

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3
Q

Describe the functional vs. structural divisions of the NS.

A

Structural: Peripheral and central NS.
Functional: Autonomic and somatic NS.

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4
Q

What are the two main cell types in the NS?

A

Nerve cells and neuroglia (glial cells - nerve sheaths).

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5
Q

What are the three structural classifications of neurons? Name an example of each.

A

Multipolar (motor)
Unipolar (endocrine)
Bipolar (vision/sensory)

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6
Q

What is structure do neuroendocrine cells (unipolar neurons) act upon?

A

Mainly blood vessels.

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7
Q

Describe the impulse direction of an AP down a neuron.

A

Dendrites -> Cell body -> Axon -> Terminal

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8
Q

Describe the organisation of the PNS in relation to the neuroendocrine system.

A

The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems. Input is received via sensory (ie. pain) input to the viscerosensory neurons associated with the visceral organs. APs are propagated back to visceral organs (ie. cardiac/smooth muscle) via visceromotor neurons.

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9
Q

Define the following terms:

  1. Ipsilateral
  2. Contralateral
  3. Sulcus
  4. Ventricle
  5. Tract/lemniscus/fasiculus/perduncle
  6. Commissure
  7. Chiasm/decussation
A
  1. Structures on the same hemisphere of the brain
  2. Structures on the opposite side of the brain
  3. Furrow on the surface of the brain
  4. CSF filled cavity
  5. Prominent axon bundle connecting different parts of the brain
  6. Interhemisphereric axon connection
  7. Fibre crossing
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10
Q

What is the difference between affarent and efferent neurons?

A

Affarent: Arriving fibres
Efferent: Exiting fibres

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11
Q

What three parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

Medulla oblongata, pons + mesencephlon (mid brain).

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12
Q

What parts make up the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, 3rd ventricle and the pituitary gland.

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13
Q

From which embryonic structure did the four ventricles of the human brain arise from?

A

The neural tube.

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14
Q

Which structure produces CSF?

A

The choroid plexus.

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15
Q

Which ventricle is associated with the diencephalon?

A

The 3rd ventricle.

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16
Q

Which border of the hypothalamus does the hypothalamic sulcus form?

A

The (dorsal/superior) border between the hypo and the thalamus.

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17
Q

What is one physical distinction of the thalamus?

A

The intrathalamic adhesion.

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18
Q

Which border of the hypothalamus does the lamina terminalis/anterior comminsure form?

A

Anterior border.

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19
Q

Which border of the hypothalamus do the mammillary bodies form?

A

Posterior border.

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20
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The pituitary stalk.

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21
Q

What is the tuber cinereum?

A

Swelling at the base of the infundibulum.

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22
Q

The hypothalamus is a bilateral structure separated by what feature?

A

The 3rd ventricle.

23
Q

Why is the hypothalamus known as the “master gland”?

A

It controls all endocrine functions and ANS.

24
Q

Name the 6 functions of the hypothalamus regulates.

A
  1. Temperature.
  2. Circadian rhythm.
  3. Blood pressure.
  4. Reproduction.
  5. Response to emergency.
  6. Metabolism.
25
Q

The hypothalamus can be functionally divided into three regions, what are they and what are their role in endocrine function?

A
  1. Anterior potion: Sleep and heat release (vasodilation).
  2. Middle potion: Hormone release from the pituitary gland.
  3. Posterior potion: heat conservation (vasoconstriction) and mammillary bodies (NO ENDO FUNC.)
26
Q

What effect does hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland have on the suprachiasmatic nucleus and sleep? (CONCERN: WRONG?)

A

Inhibits hormone release and induces sleep.

27
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

To integrate light input from the external environment with sleep cycle information to appropriately induce sleepiness/wakefulness.

28
Q

How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus integrate light input from the external environment with sleep cycle information to appropriately induce sleepiness/wakefulness?

A

Has optic connections (measures light input) and monitors GH release (that is released cyclically with sleep). Allows SCN to release hormones to the appropriate areas of the brain.

29
Q

Why is the suprachiasmatic nucleus known as the “biological clock”?

A

It regulates sleep pattern information (from GH release) and light to release melatonin and induce sleepiness (or wakefulness through INHIBITION).

30
Q

What is the result of removing the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Irregular sleep pattern and seemingly random bursts of energy.

31
Q

Which hormones are regulated by the middle hypothalamus regulating the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin.

32
Q

What are the three mediolateral distinctions (zones) of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Periventricular zone
  2. Middle zone
  3. Lateral zone
33
Q

What is the role of the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus?

A

(Boarders 3rd ventricle)

Regulates hormone release from the anterior potion of the ANTERIOR pituitary.

34
Q

What is the role of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus?

A

To integrate emotional information from the limbic system and contact other parts of the brain.

35
Q

What does it mean that the pituitary gland didn’t arise form the same embryonic tissue?

A

The pituitary is a combination of TWO tissues that form the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary.

36
Q

Describe the structure and function of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

A

Anterior: made of EPITHELIAL tissue and produces + releases TROPHIC hormones.
Posterior: made of NERVE tissue and only releases oxytocin and vasopressin that are PRODUCED by the hypothalamic nuclei.

37
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei produce vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular and supranational nuclei.

38
Q

What is the function of the following (anterior hypothalamic) preoptic nuclei…?

  1. Ventrolateral
  2. Medial
A
  1. Sleep-wakefulness (interacts with with suprachiasmatic nuclei)
  2. Parvocellular hormone control (visual hormones)
39
Q

What is the function of the following middle hypothalamic nuclei…?

  1. Paraventricular nucleus
  2. Supraoptic nucleus
  3. Arcuate nucleus
  4. Suprachiasmatic nuclei
  5. Periventricular
A
  1. Magnocellular hormones + Parvocellular hormones and ANS control
  2. Magnocellular hormones
  3. Parvocellular hormones
  4. Circadian rhythm
  5. Parvocellular hormones
40
Q

What is the function of the following posterior hypothalamic nuclei…?

  1. Mammillary bodies
  2. Tuberomamillary nucleus
A
  1. Memory

2. Sleep-wakefulness (histamine)

41
Q

Describe the structure of the portal vein system between the hypothalamus and ant. Pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamic regulatory hormones are released from the thalmatic neurons (ie. arcuate nucleus) into from the median eminence and further into a capillary network. The capillary network in the median eminence is supplied by the superior hypophyseal artery. The blood vessels in the capillary network join and spiral around the infundibulum to reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The capillary beds in the anterior lobe of the pituitary surround endocrine cells and which are signalled to release hormones into the hypophyseal vein towards the rest of the body.
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSM9tFFe1lYJ6nU5-GVEn2n3eb8HM-iU_Z1VR5THt65_dFnAvBevgWY7Ls9

42
Q

Describe the 3 separate neurosecretory division of the periventricular nucleus that regulate hormone release from the pituitary gland.

A
  1. Magnocellular division (facilitates hormone release from the anterior pituitary).
  2. Autonomic division (hormone release stimulated via AP generated at the spinal cord).
  3. Parvocellular (facilitates hormone release from the posterior pituitary via the median eminence).
43
Q

The anterior pituitary develops from a different embryonic tissue than the posterior pituitary gland does. Which tissue does the ant. pituitary develop from?

A

Epithelial (NOT NERVE) tissue called Rathkes pouch (mouth development).

44
Q

Describe the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland (starting at the hypothalamus).

A

There are NO nerve cells in the posterior pituitary, instead the axons of the hypothalmatic neurons are present. Vesicles of the secreted hormones are MADE in the hypothalamus and STORED in the posterior pituitary in “herring bodies”. An action potential is generated at the supraoptic (contains magnocellular nuclei) and paraventricular nuclei. It travels down the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract to release vesicles of oxytocin and vasopressin into the “neurohemal junction” and further into the blood stream.
http://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/Exam_5_Final_Review/CH_16_Hypothalamus.htm

45
Q

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Pars distalis (largest, produces most hormones, ie. prolactin, GH, LH, TSH, ACTH, FSH)
  2. Pars intermedia (between distalis and tubalis, releases MSH)
  3. Pars tubalis (forms collar around pituitary and infundibulum, no hormone release)
46
Q

What type of capillaries facilitate hormone release in the endocrine system?

A

Fenestrated and sinusoid.

47
Q

For the following hormones, list the tissue each targets and its principle action…

  1. ACTH
  2. TSH
  3. GH
  4. FSH
  5. PRL
  6. LH
  7. MSH
A
  1. Adrenal cortex; cortisol release
  2. Thyroid; secretion of thyroid hormones
  3. Liver; protein synthesis, growth, lipolysis, increased blood sugar
  4. Gonads; gamete and Estero gen production
  5. Mammary glands; lactation
  6. Gonads; sex hormones, ovulation, sperm production
  7. Skin; darkening of the skin
48
Q

What is a neurohemal junction?

A

A specialised region where nerves and blood interact (ie. vasopressin released from vesicles into the blood).
The blood brain barrier is absent.

49
Q

Describe the target tissue and action caused by the following hormones…

  1. ADH
  2. Oxytocin
A
  1. Kidneys; anti-diuretic, perspiration, vasoconstriction (increased bp)
  2. Uterus/mam. Glands; milk production and uterine contractions
50
Q

Magnocellular neurons that project into the posterior pituitary are located where?

A

In the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.

51
Q

In what way does damage to the magnocellular projections effect homeostasis?

A

Effects ADH secretion which results in diabetes insipidus.

52
Q

Describe the structure and function of the blood brain barrier.

A

Capillary endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions that prevent foreign substances from entering the brain and maintain an intracellular environment that allows for efficient electrical transmission.

53
Q

Circumventricular organs have a weakened blood brain barrier, for the following areas of the brain describe their function and why they have no/little blood brain barrier…

  1. Subfornical organ
  2. Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Subcomissural organ
  5. Area postrema
A

1.

BIOM3020 (1 decks)

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