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anatomy final test (Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems) Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

a fluid connective tissue that acts as the distribution center of the body. It has a variety of functions such as transporting gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and many more

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid part of blood.

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3
Q

how does plasma differ from interstitial fluid?

A

concentration of dissolved gases and proteins. Otherwise, they are same.

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4
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

electrolytes (ion comp)

Albumins 60%, Globulins 30%, and Fibrinogen 4%. Lipoproteins make up rest.

Albumin: Major contributor to osmotic pressure, transports non-amino acid hormones and some lipids

Globulins: immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins transport ions, hormones, and lipids

Fibrinogen: blood clotting

Lipoproteins:

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5
Q

structure and concentration of RBC (erythrocytes)

A

specialized shape provides large SA for diffusion.
Stackable to reduce vessel damage
strong and flexible
42-45% of formed blood elements

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6
Q

when do RBCs lose most organelles?

A

differentiation and maturation

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7
Q

how often does blood travel through the body?

A

every 30 seconds

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8
Q

RBC lifespan and replacement rate?

A

1% replaced daily (3 million a second) and lifespan is 120 days

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9
Q

what are blood cells composed of?

A

66% water and 33% proteins.

Hemoglobin:
-95% of RBC protein
-facilitates gas trans
-4 chains: polypeptide, heme, and iron
-each RBC holds ~280 million hemoglobin which is 1 billion o2 molecules
-hemoglobin can also carry 23% of co2

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10
Q

Blood typing

A

study separately

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11
Q

what are white blood cells (WBCs and leukocytes)

A

scattered in blood and tissue, classified into 2 types: Granular/Agranular

-attracted by chemicals secreted by damaged tissue

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12
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils:
-Granules filled with lysosomal enzymes and bactericides
-high mobile 1st responders
-short living and die after consuming target

Eosinophils:
-filled with eosin (acid)
-attack objects covered in antibodies by releasing enzymes

Basophils:
-rare
-secrete granules of histamine and heparin
-attract eosinophils and more basophils

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13
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

monocytes:
-largest WBCs
-free macrophages
-highly mobile
-circulate for a few days
-attract more monocytes and fibrocytes

lymphocytes:
-RBC sized
-lymphatic system
-specific immunity
-3 types:
-T cells: attack directly
-B cells: form plasma that secretes antibodies
-NK cells: target abnormal cells

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14
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of cells produced by megakaryocytes

each MKC produces abt 4000 platelets a day

exist for 12 days

stored in various organs until needed

functions:
initiate and control clotting
form plugs when clumped
seal edges of vessel walls after injury

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15
Q

blood cell production

A

erythropoiesis:
-regulated by erythropoietin
-occurs in red bone marrow
-requires amino acids, iron, and vit b12

leukopoiesis/lymphopoiesis:
-occurs in red bone marrow
-early lymphocytes mature in lymph tissues
-regulatory factors are poorly understood

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16
Q

overview of heart:

A

4 chambered with L/R Atria and Ventricles

Two circuits: pulmonary and systemic

Blood vessels:
arteries
veins
capillaries

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17
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

the heart rests in the pericardium in the mediastinum. 2 regions
Outer fibrous: anchors heart, vessels, and mediastinum
Inner serous: multilayered
contains 50ml of pericardial fluid.

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18
Q

Heart tissues

A

3 layered

-epicardium: visceral layer
-Myocardium: cardiac muscle, conformation varies in chambers
-endocardium: simple squamous epithelium, continuous with vessel endothelium

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19
Q

differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

A

single, central, nucleus

dependent on aerobic respiration (heavily vascularized and many mitochondria)

intercalated disks: interconnected cytoskeletons with gap junctions

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20
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton?

A

fibrous, dense, collagenous and elastic fibers that form struts to stabilize, support, and distribute forces of heart.

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21
Q

coronary blood vessels function?

A
  • supply oxygenated blood to cardiac muscles
    coronary arteries (branched)
    highest BP in systemic system
    continual blood supply to muscle
    also branches to nervous tissue
    -return deoxygenated blood to right atrium
    small veins drain into great CV or middle CV
    converge on coronary sinus
    drains into inferior vena cava
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22
Q

Blood vessels:

A

-arteries: heart to lungs to body, thick walls
-capillaries: single layered epithelium
-veins: return blood to heart, lower pressure and velocity

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23
Q

Arteries and Veins:

A

arteries: send blood away from heart. This is why the pulmonary artery is an artery, even through the blood is deoxygenated.
Vein: sends blood to heart. This is why the pulmonary vein is a vein, even though it is sending oxygenated blood to be pumped from the lungs.

adventitia: CT sheathe

media: smooth muscle + LCT

intima: endothelial lining with CT and elastic fibers

elastic vs muscular arteries: arterioles

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24
Q

capillaries?

A

thin walled vessels. Designed for maximal exchange! continuous vs. fenestrated vs. sinusoidal? continuous capillaries are least permeable, fenestrated are more permeable, and sinusoidal are the most permeable.

25
what is the max normal Blood pressure?
120/80
26
what does hypertension suggest?
endocrine problems, malnutrition, or internal bleeding!
27
at any given moment, blood is only flowing through about __ to __% of capillaries
5 to 10%
28
What does it mean when capillaries are organ dependent?
-Brain, heart, kidney, and liver are always full! -others are dependent on need..
29
what two things determine BP?
how much blood is being pumped, and diameter of blood vessel.
30
Contraction cycle of heart.
the right atrium and ventricle gets filled with blood from the body. the left atrium and ventricle get filled with oxygenated blood from the lungs sent through the pulmonary vein. This phase, before contraction, is diastolic. The atria contract pushing all fluid out of the atria and into the ventricles. this markets the beginning of systole or systolic phase. The blood passes through the atrioventricular valves. After getting filled up, the ventricles contract until their pressure is high enough to open the semilunar valves. In the right ventricle this leads to the right and left lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the left ventricle, this sends blood to the aorta then the rest of the body.
31
Artery --> vein cycle
Elastic artery --> muscular artery --> arteriole --> continuous capillary --> fenestrated capillary--> venule --> medium vein --> large vein. Key facts: -arteries have more smooth muscle in the intima than veins -continuous vs. fenestrated capillaries: fenestrated has pores in their endothelial lining (internal lining) making them more permeable. -arterioles have an extremely small adventitia
32
Aorta and Vena Cava
The body's largest artery, the aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. Blood pressure is highest in the aorta. The body's largest vein, the vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. There are two vena cavae: the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower body. Blood pressure is lowest in the vena cavae.
33
what is the thoroughfare channel?
connects metarteriole (branch of an arteriole) to venule directly without going through an entire capillary network.
34
whare are Precapillary Sphincters?
bands of smooth muscle that regulate blood flow into capillaries.
35
capillaries and what do they do? how?
Facilitate exchange. They have thin walls so gases can be exchanged easily (CO2 and O2). They are also porous so small molecules, ions, and sugars can pass through. They can perform endocytosis with large molecules.
36
what is interstitial fluid? where does it leak out of? What happens with excess.
a bodily fluid that surrounds cells and tissues, carrying nutrients and waste. It leaks out of capillaries! They excess is collected by lymph nodes, and is returned to circulation through venules.
37
what is homeostasis?
a combo effort of nervous and endocrine tissues. Nervous system: short term responses to environmental stimuli. Endocrine: long term
38
Where do endocrine organs secrete hormones into?
interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph fluid.
39
two sections of pituitary gland? Functions?
Neurohypophysis: posterior PG storage Adenohypophysis: anterior PG secretory
40
how does the hypothalamus indirectly help the pituitary gland?
indirect control through release of regulatory hormones. These hormones are released into anterior pituitary.
41
All Anterior Pituitary hormones?
TSH (thyroid stimulating): stimulates t3 and t4 release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone): stimulates cortisol release FSH(follicle stimulating hormone): promotes estrogen secretion LH(luteinizing hormone): induces ovulation Prolactin: milk production Growth Hormone: promotes cell division and growth MSH (melanin stimulating hormone): melanin production in melanocytes.
42
Posterior Pituitary Hormones?
ADH(antidiuretic hormone): released in response to blood osmotic pressure, decreases urine production and constricts vessels OXT(Oxytocin): Stimulates contractions such as smooth muscle in uterus
43
what are T3 and T4?
hormones produced by thyroid that regulate many bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and development. Mostly metabolism. 1
44
Describe size, vascularity, venous drainage, and dual lobed meanings of thyroid
The size varies with genetics and nutrition, enlarges with dysfunction. It is heavily vascularized by the thyroid and carotid arteries. It has superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. It is dual lobed conjoined by the isthmus.
45
what are thyroid follicles?
they make, store, and secrete thyroid hormones. They have T thyrocytes, a cuboidal epithelium, which surround a cavity to make a hollow circle. In this cavity is colloid, a viscous fluid containing proteins. It is also surrounded by capillaries. Hormones are stored extracellularly inside follicle.
46
what are t-thyrocytes?
protein secretors: -molecules combine to form Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3)
47
what are c-thyrocytes?
release calcitonin which targets bone and kidneys. Decreases calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.
48
Negative feedback loop for homeostatic control of thyroid hormone release?
1. SIGNAL homeostasis is disturbed by decreasing t3 and t4 concentrations in blood or low body temp 2. RECEPTOR hypothalamus releases TRH 3.Propagation anterior lobe of pituitary gland releases TSH 4. EFFECTOR thyroid follicles in thyroid gland release t3 and t4 into the blood 5. HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED by increasing t3 and t4 concentrations, causing metabolism increase.
49
What is the parathyroid gland?
-4 glands on posterior side of thyroid -Produce parathyroid hormones (PTH) -PTH causes an increase in blood calcium and increased osteoblast production. Also controls renal reabsorption and calcitriol -also releases oxyphil, function unknown, appears after puberty.
50
What is the thymus?
posterior to sternum -large in children and infants -unproportionate growth -decreases in size after puberty -function: develops and maintains immune system. Thymosin is responsible for maturation of lymphocytes. -may be associated with susceptibility to diseases.
51
what is the adrenal gland?
-attached to kidney -highly vascularized -has a cortex -has its own medulla
52
function of cortex and medulla in adrenal gland?
cortex: -more than 24 steroids -glomerulosa: water retention -fasciculata: stress -reticularis: androgens medulla: -chromaffin cells, resemble neurons -release adrenaline
53
how do the kidneys and heart contribute to homeostasis?
Regulate blood pressure and blood volume KIDNEY -Renin: converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs, angiotensin 2 stimulates aldosterone release -erythropoietin: stimulates RBC production -Calcitriol: stimulates calcium absorption from intestines HEART -increased BP or BV -oppose angiotensin 2: promote water and sodium loss, inhibit ADH, reduce BP and BV
54
Aldosterone function?
increases water and sodium retention, expels potassium
55
Pancreas?
-exocrine and endocrine -found in first fold of small intestine -Exocrine: digestive enzymes -Endocrine: on another card
56
Endocrine releasing cells and hormones from pancreas?
ALPHA CELLS -release glucagon -mobilization of lipid reserves and increased glucose synthesis and glycogen breakdown in liver BETA CELLS -release insulin -Facilitate uptake of glucose by cells DELTA CELLS -release somatostatin -Inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon F CELLS -release pancreatic polypeptide -inhibition of gallbladder contractions -pancreatic enzyme regulation
57
Reproductive tissues in endocrine system?
TESTES: interstitial cells -hormone: androgens -Supports functional maturation of sperm, and male secondary sex characteristics. nurse cells -hormone: inhibin -targets anterior lobe of pituitary gland -inhibits FSH secretion OVARIES: follicular cells -release estrogens and inhibin -support follicle maturation, and female secondary sex characteristics Corpus Luteum -progestins (esp. progesterone) -Relaxin -prepares uterus for implantation and mammary glands for secretory functions -loosens pubic symphysis and cervical muscles.
58
Pineal Gland?
Produces melatonin -derived from serotonin -slows maturation of sperm, oocytes and reproductive organs -inhibited by GNRH regulated by hypothalamus and visual systems powerful antioxidant
59
what ion does thyroid rely on?
iodine as it is required to make t3 and t4 hormones.

Anatomy (7 decks)

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