Anatomy Final

Question 1

What are the major divisions of the nervous system? What are the differences between the two?

Answer 1

The central nervous system (Brain & Spinal Cord) and the other is the PNS (Rest of the body) . CNS processes information, PNS receives the sensory aspect

Question 2

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?

Answer 2

Neurons are nerve cells that receive and transmit nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supporting cells that offer mechanical and structural support to neurons. Phagocytes

Question 3

What are the parts that make up a neuron? What are their respective functions?

Answer 3

The main ones are the axon, cell body, and dendrites. Other parts include nucleolus, nucleus, mitochondrion, etc. The neuron structure is specially adapted to carry messages over large distances in the body quickly in the form of electrical signals.

Question 4

What are the different classes of neuroglia? What are their respective functions?

Answer 4

Astrocytes: part of blood-brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes: responsible for myelination, coverings of neurons, source of cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia: dispose of debris, phagocytic defense cells
FOR CNS^^^
Satellite cells: Surround cell bodies
Schwann cells: Surround all peripheral axons, Form myelin sheath on myelinated axons
FOR PNS^^^

Question 5

List the steps of generating an action potential.

Question 6

What is the difference between saltatory and continuous propagation?

Answer 6

Saltatory
- Proceeds in series of larger steps (faster)
- Occurs in myelinated axons
Continuous
- Proceeds in series of small steps (slower)
- Occurs in unmyelinated axons

Question 7

What is the sodium potassium pump? How does it work?

Answer 7

• Depolarization of membrane to threshold
• Rapid opening of Na+ channels causing depolarization
• K+ channels open and K+ exits causes rapid repolarization
• Charges are back to normal, but ions are NOT in the right places
• Na+/K+ Pumps returns ions to resting state
  Refractory period ends

Question 8

What myelin and what is its function?

Answer 8

myelin is an insulating layer or sheath that forms around nerves (also in brain/spinal cord). Helps transmit electrical impulses quickly and efficiently.

Question 9

How many layers surround and protect the brain? Name them.

Answer 9

3
Dura mater: tough outer layer
Arachnoid: spidery; cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater: thin inner layer

Question 10

List the six major regions of the brain and their respective functions.

Answer 10

Cerebrum- Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon- head of the seahorse
Midbrain- neck
Pons- belly
Medulla oblongata-below belly
Cerebellum- cauliflower in back

Question 11

With which region of the brain are each of the five senses associated with?

Answer 11

smell/hear: temporal
taste/touch:parietal
vision: occipital

Question 12

What are Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area?

Answer 12

Broca’s area is associated with language production, while Wernicke’s area is associated with language comprehension

Question 13

What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it produced? What does it do?

Answer 13

assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal.

Question 14

Why can the cerebrum suffer damage over a large area with potentially little consequence, but a small injury to the brainstem could be fatal?

Answer 14

Because if the brainstem gets damaged then, the brain will not be able to receive any signals.

Question 15

What is a reflex? What is a reflex arc?

Answer 15

Reflex: An automatic involuntary motor response to a specific stimulus
The 5 steps in a reflex arc
-Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
-Activation of sensory neuron
-CNS processing of information
-Activation of motor neuron
-Response by effector (muscle or gland)

Question 16

What are the key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 16

Sympathetic: “Fight or flight”, Preganglionic neurons in thoracic/lumbar — near spinal cord
Parasympathetic: “Rest & Digest”, Preganglionic neurons in brain/sacral segments— near target organ

Question 17

What are the three types of muscle cells? How can you tell them apart?

Answer 17

Skeletal: striated, attached to skeleton, voluntary
Muscle: non-striated, hollow organs, involuntary
Cardiac: striated, involuntary, heart- disc

Question 18

What is the functional unit of a muscle called? What are its specific components?

Answer 18

the membrane is the sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is the sarcoplasm, and the muscle fibers are made of myofibrils

Question 19

List the steps in neuromuscular transmission.

Question 20

Differentiate among muscle fatigue, recovery period, and oxygen debt.

Question 20

Explain the significance of ATP and creatine phosphate in muscle contractions.

Question 21

How many layers make up the heart? Name and describe them.

Answer 21

Three layers
Epicardium: outside layer, connective tissue layer
Myocardium: middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium: inner layer

Question 23

What affects venous return? What affects blood pressure?

Question 23

Name the 4 major valves and their locations in the heart.

Answer 23

Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles
-Bicuspid valve (left)
-Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
-Pulmonary semilunar valve
-Aortic semilunar valve

Question 24

explain blood flow through the heart

Answer 24

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle,

Question 25

What are the differences between arteries and veins?

Answer 25

Arteries: Takes blood away from body, thicker walls, elastic walls, thicker tunica media
Veins: Brings blood back, thinner walls, wider lumen

Question 26

Name 4 common heart diseases and describe their symptoms.