Anatomy Excercise 38 Digestive System Lab Flashcards
Digestive Terms
1
Q
Two Major Parts
A
Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs
2
Q
Digestive Tract
A
A long tube that runs from the mouth and the anus and comes into contact with food and the breakdown products of digestion.
3
Q
What is another name for the digestive tract? What is it commonly called?
A
Alimentary canal and commonly called the “food tube”.
4
Q
Organs of the Digestive Tract
A
Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Colon, Rectum and Anus.
5
Q
Why are accessory organs important?
A
They secrete many substances necessary for digestion, yet these organs do not come in direct contact with food.
6
Q
Examples of Accessory Organs
A
Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver and Salivary Glands
7
Q
Functions of the Digestive System
A
- Ingestion of Food
- The Physical Breakdown of Food
- The Chemical Breakdown of Food
- Food Storage
- Food and Water Absorption
- Vitamin Synthesis
- The Elimination of Indigestible Material
8
Q
Oral Cavity (Mouth)
A
Starts as the opening surrounded by lips, or labia.
9
Q
Labial Frenulum
A
A membranous structure that keeps the lip adhered to the gums, or gingivae.
10
Q
Gingivae
A
Gums
11
Q
Hard Palate
A
Composed of the palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones.
Form the roof of the oral cavity, and the floor of the chin is the inferior border.
12
Q
Soft Palate
A
Composed of connective tissue and a mucous membrane.
Form the roof of the oral cavity, and the floor of the chin is the inferior border.
13
Q
Uvula
A
At the posterior border of the oral cavity, a small, grapelike structure suspended from the posterior edge of the soft palate.
Helps prevent food and liquid from moving into the nasal cavity during swallowing,
14
Q
Oropharynx
A
Posterior border of the oral cavity.
15
Q
What type of tissue is the Oral Cavity lined with?
A
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
16
Q
One of the major muscles of the tongue is ___________.
A
Genioglossus
17
Q
What is the tongue important for?
A
Speech, Taste, the Movement of Food toward the Teeth for Chewing, and Swallowing.
Acts like a piston to propel food to the oropharynx.
18
Q
Oropharynx
A
The space behind the oral cavity.
19
Q
What holds on the tongue down?
A
Held down to the floor of the mouth by a thin mucous membrane called the Lingual Frenulum.
20
Q
Papillae
A
Raised areas, on the tongue.
21
Q
Foliate Papillae
A
Leaf-shaped.
22
Q
Fungiform Papillae
A
Mushroom-shaped.
23
Q
Filiform Papillae
A
Thread-like.
24
Q
Circumvallate Papillae
A
Large papillae.
25
What do papillae do?
They increase the frictional surface of the tongue.
26
Taste Buds
Taste receptors on the tongue.
27
Where are taste buds located?
Located on the tongue along the sides of some of the papillae.
28
What is the Oral Cavity important for?
Physical Breakdown of Food.
29
The physical breakdown of food is driven by powerful muscles called ______________.
Muscles of Mastication
30
Masseter
Involved in the closing of the jaws.
31
Temporalis Muscles
Involved in the closing of the jaws.
32
Pterygoid Muscles
Important in the sideways grinding action of the molar and premolar teeth.
33
Digastric Muscles
Muscles open the mandible.
34
Platysma Muscles
Muscles open the mandible.
35
A tooth consists of _________, _________, and _______,
Crown, Neck and Root.
36
Crown
Exposed part of the tooth.
37
Neck
A constricted portion of the tooth normally located at the surface of the gingivae.
38
Root
Embedded in the jaw.
39
Enamel
An extremely hard material.
40
Dentin
Made up of like a bonelike material.
41
Pulp Cavity.
Innermost portion of the tooth. Leads to root canal.
42
Root Canal
A passageway for nerves and blood vessels into the tooth.
43
Apical Foreman
Nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through here.
44
Alveolar Sockets
The teeth depressions in the mandible or maxilla.
Anchored to the bone by the periodontal ligaments.
45
Four Types of Teeth in the Adult Mouth
Incisors, Canines (Cuspids), Premolars (Bicuspids), and Molars
46
Incisors
Flat, bladelike front teeth that nip food.
8 Incisors in the Adult Mouth.
47
Canines, or Cuspids
The pointed teeth just lateral to the incisors that shear food.
4 Cuspids in the Adult, and they are identified as the teeth that just have one cusp, or point.
48
Premolars, or Bicuspids
Posterior to the Cuspids and grind food.
Typically 8 Premolars in adults, and they are identified by their Two Cusps.
49
Molars
Most posterior. Like premolars, these grind food.
12 Molar Teeth in the Adult Mouth (Including the Third Molars, or WISDOM TEETH).
Typically have Three to Five Cusps.
50
What are the two sets of teeth humans have?
Primary or Deciduous Teeth (Milk Teeth) and Secondary or Permanent Teeth
51
Primary or Deciduous Teeth
Appear first, and these are replaced by the Secondary or Permanent Teeth.
"Milk Teeth"
20 Deciduous Teeth
No Deciduous Premolar Teeth, and there are Only 8 Deciduous Teeth.
52
Secondary or Permanent Teeth
Replaces the Deciduous Teeth.
8 Premolar Teeth and 12 Molar Teeth.
53
Oropharynx
The space behind oral cavity.
Begins at the soft palate and continues to the larynx.
Composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
A common passageway for food, liquids and air.
54
Nasopharynx
Superior to the oropharynx. Leads to the nasal cavity, and inferior to the oropharynx.
Begins at the external nares and ends at the soft palate.
55
Laryngopharynx
Leads to the larynx and the esophagus.
Posterior to the larynx.
56
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles
Muscles around the wall of the oropharynx.
Involved in swallowing.
57
Esophagus
Food is moved by the tongue to the region of the pharynx, where it is propelled here.
Conducts Food and Liquid from the Oropharynx, through the Diaphragm, and the into the Stomach.
Normally, the Esophagus is a Closed Tube at about the level of the Sixth Cervical Vertebra.
58
Pharynx consist of:
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles and Esophagus.
VOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY
59
Pharynx
Swallowing Food
60
Bolus
Lump of food, enters the Esophagus.
61
Skeletal Muscle
Begins to move it toward the stomach.
62
Smooth Muscle
The Inferior Portion of the Esophagus is made of this.
63
Peristalsis
Muscle contracts, moving the bolus by this process.
64
Esophagus
Middle Portion of the Esophagus is composed of both Skeletal and Smooth Muscle.
65
Adventitia
The esophagus had an inner epithelial lining of stratified squamous epithelium and an outer connective tissue layer called this.
66
Lumen
Space in the esophagus that the food passes through.
67
Esophageal Sphincter
The Inferior Portion of the Esophagus, which prevents the backflow of stomach acids.
68
Heartburn or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Occurs if the stomach contents pass through the esophageal sphincter and irritate the esophageal lining.
69
Esophagus
Bolus, Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Peristalsis, Adventitia, Lumen, Esophageal Sphincter.
70
Esophagus
Involuntary Muscle Movement
71
The inner surface of the body has been referred to as a ____________.
"tube within a tube".
72
What forms the outer tube? What forms the inner tube?
Outer Tube: Body Wall
Inner Tube: Digestive Tract, Stomach, Small Intestine and Large Intestine.
73
Coelom (Body Cavity) of the Digestive Tract
Specialized serous membranes cover the various organs and line the inner wall of this.
74
Visceral Peritoneum (Serosa)
Membrane lining the outer surface of the digestive tract
75
Mesentery
Digestive tract continues as a double-folded membrane, which attaches the tract to the back of the body wall.
76
Parietal Peritoneum
Mesentery is continuous with the membrane on the inner side of the body wall, where it is called this.
77
Mucosa
The innermost layer of the Abdominal Portion of the Digestive Tract.
78
Epithelium
A tissue in the Mucosa.
79
Lamina Propria
Closest to the Lumen, a Connective Tissue Layer.
80
Muscularis Muscosae
An outer, muscular layer.
81
Mucous Membrane
Three layers called the mucous membrane. In the Mucosa:
1. Epithelium
2. Lamina Propria
3. Muscularis Muscosae
82
Submucosa
The next layer (2nd) of the Abdominal Portion of the Digestive Tract.
83
Connective Tissue
Submucosa is mostly made of Connective Tissue and contains many Blood Vessels.
84
Muscularis (Muscularis Externa)
Next layer (3rd) of the Abdominal Portion of the Digestive Tract, which is typically made of two or three layers of Smooth Muscle.
Muscularis propels material through the Digestive Tract and MIXES INGESTED MATERIAL with Digestive Juices.
85
Serosa or Visceral Peritoneum
The Outermost Layer and this layer is the CLOSEST to the COELOM.
86
Stomach
Located on the LEFT side of the body.
Recieves its contents from the Esophagus.
Food enters the stomach is STORED and MIXED with Enzymes and Hydrochloric Acid to form a soupy material called CHYME.
Can have a pH as low as 1 or 2.
87
Chyme
Soupy Material in the Stomach.
Remains in the stomach as the acids denature proteins and enzymes reduce proteins to shorter fragments.
88
In general, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine have the ________ layers from the ________ to the ________.
Same, Lumen and Coelom
89
Cardiac Part or Cardia
The Inner Portion of the Stomach.
90
Fundus
A Portion of the Cardiac Part Extends Superiorly As A Domed Section.
91
Body
The Main Part of the Stomach.
92
Pyloric Part
The Terminal Portion of the Stomach, Closest to the Small Intestine.
Has an extended area called the Antrum and a Narrowed Region the Pyloric Canal.
Pylorus LEADS to the Duodenum, and this opening is controlled by Pyloric Sphincter.
93
Greater Curvature
The LEFT side of the STOMACH is ARCHED and forms this.
94
Lesser Curvature
The RIGHT side of the STOMACH is a SMALLER arch and forms this.
95
Rugae
The Inner Surface of the STOMACH has a series of FOLDS.
96
Esophageal Sphincter
Prevents STOMACH contents from MOVING INTO the ESOPHAGUS.
97
Pyloric Sphincter
Prevents the PREMATURE release of the STOMACH contents into the SMALL INTESTINE.
98
Four Primary Layers
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis and Serosa
99
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Epithelial layer of the mucosa consist of this.
100
Surface Mucous Cells
Secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining from erosion by stomach acid and proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes.
101
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsinogen (the inactive state of a proteolytic enzyme).
102
Parietal Cells
Secrete HCL.
103
Pepsinogen
The inactive state if a proteolytic enzyme.
104
Pepsin
When pepsinogen comes into contract with HCL, it is activated as a pepsin.
105
Specialized Cells of the Mucosa
Surface Mucous Cells, Chief Cells and Parietal Cells
106
Mucosa (Read)
Deep in the epithelial layer is the lamina propria, a connective tissue layer. The deepest layer of the mucosa is the muscularis mucosa, a smooth muscle layer that moves the mucosa. The submucosa is the next layer and is typically lighter in color in prepared slides.
107
Muscularis
The next layer in the stomach after the Submucosa.
108
Oblique Layer
The inner layer of the muscularis.
109
Circular Layer
The middle layer of the muscularis.
110
Longitudinal Layer
An outer layer of the muscularis.
111
Serosa
The outermost layer of the stomach.
112
Serosa
It is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium.
113
Three layers of the Muscularis
Oblique Layer, Circular Layer and Longitudinal Layer
114
Small Intestine
It is small in diameter, is approximately 5 m (17 feet) long in living humans.
Can be longer in cadaveric specimens due to the relaxing of the smooth muscle.
It is typically 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches) in diameter when empty.
115
Small Intestine
Movement through the small intestine occurs by peristalsis, which is smooth muscle contraction.
Primary Function: Absorption of Nutrients Mostly Occur
116
Duodenum
First part of small intestine, a C-shaped structure attached to the pyloric region of the stomach.
Begins in the body cavity and then moves behind the parietal peritoneum and returns to the body cavity.
Approximately 25 cm (10 inches long)
117
Pancreas
Duodenum recieves fluid from the pancreas.
118
Gallbladder
Duodenum recieves fluid from the gallbladder.
119
Jejunum
The Second Portion of the Small Intestine.
120
Ileum
The Terminal Portion of the Small Intestine.
Approximately 3 m (10 feet) long.
121
Ileocecal Valve
A closure between the small intestine and large intestine is called this.
Keeps material in the large intestine from reentering the small intestine.
122
Duodenojejunal Flexure
The junction between the duodenum and the jejunum.
123
______ distinguishes the small intestine from both the stomach and the large intestine.
Villi
124
Villi
Fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the mucosa.
125
What increases the surface area of the mucosa?
Villi in the Small Intestine.
126
Blood Vessels
Each villus contains blood vessels that transport sugars and amino acids from the intestine to the liver.
In Small Intestine
127
Lacteals
Contained in the villi. Transport fatty acids via lymphatics to the venous system in the Small Intestine.
Give the lining of the Small Intestine a velvety appearance to the naked eye.
128
Simple Columnar Epithelium
The Inner Lining of the Small Intestine consist of this tissue with Goblet cells.
129
Duodenal Glands
In the portion of the mucosa away from the lumen in the duodenum.
Jejunum and Ileum lack these glands.
130
Aggregated Lymph Nodules or Peyer Patches
The Ileum is distinguished by this in the mucosa and submucosa.
These Lymphatic Nodules produce lymphocytes, which protect the body from the bacterial flora in the lumen of the small intestine.
131
Large Intestine
It is large in diameter. The large intestine is approximately 7 cm (3 inches) and 1.4 m (4.5 feet) in length.
132
Simple Columnar Epithelium
The Mucosa of the Large Intestine is made up of this tissue with a large number of Goblet Cells.
133
Functions of the Large Intestine
Absorption of water and the formation of feces.
134
Cecum
First part of the Large Intestine. The Cecum is a pouchlike area that articulates with the Small Intestine at the Ileocecal Valve.
135
Ascending Colon
On the RIGHT side of the body. It becomes the Transverse Colon at the Hepatic (Right Colic) Flexure.
136
Transverse Colon
Transverses the body from RIGHT to LEFT. It leads to the Descending Colon at the Splenic (Left Colic) Flexure.
137
Descending Colon
Passes INFERIORLY on the LEFT side of the body and JOINS with Sigmoid Colon.
138
Sigmoid Colon
An S-shaped segment of the Large Intestine in the Left Inguinal Region.
139
Rectum
A straight section of the colon in the pelvic cavity.
Part of the Large Intestine
140
Hemorrhoidal Veins
Superficial veins in the wall of the rectum which is apart of the Large Intestine.
141
Hemorrhoids
They may enlarge and cause the uncomfortable condition.
142
Teniae Coli
Three bands located along the length of the Large Intestine.
143
Haustra (sing. Haustrum)
Muscles contract and form pouches or puckers in the intestinal tract called this.
144
Omental Appendages
Another unique feature of the Outer Wall of the Large Intestine is the Fat Lobules.
145
Longitudinal Muscle of the Small Intestine
Longitudinal Muscle of the Large Intestine is not a continuous sheet but is located along the length of the Large Intestine as a three bands called Teniae Coli.
146
Large Intestine
Fecal material passes through the Large Intestine by Peristalsis and is STORED in the Rectum and Sigmoid Colon. Defecation occurs as MASS PERISTALSIS causes a Bowel Movement.
147
Unique Structures of the Large Intestine
Teniae Coli, Haustra (sing. Haustrum) and Omental Appendages.
148
What distinguishes the Large Intestine from the Small Intestine?
By the absence of Villi and from the Stomach by the presence of large numbers of Goblet Cells.
149
What does the Large Intestine have Large Numbers of?
Goblet Cells
150
Large Intestine
There are no Villi or Aggregated Lymphatic Nodules present, yet the wall of the Large Intestine has Solitary Lymphatic Nodules.
151
Anal Canal
Not part of the Large Intestine but is a short tube that leads to an external opening, the Anus.
152
Anus
External Opening that leads to the Outside of the body.
153
Salivary Glands
Located in the Head and secrete Saliva into the Oral Cavity.
The average person secretes about 1.5 liters of Saliva per day.
154
Mucus
Saliva is a watery secretion that contains a Protein Lubricant called Mucus.
155
Salivary Amylase
A starch-digesting enzyme.
156
Parotid Glands
Most Superior of the Three Pairs of the Salivary Glands. Located just Anterior to the Ears.
157
Parotid Duct
Each gland secretes Saliva through a tube that traverses the buccal (cheek) region and enters the Oral Cavity just Posterior to the Upper Second Molar.
158
Submandibular Gland
Located Medial to the Mandible on Each Side of the face.
Glands secrete Saliva into the Oral Cavity Inferior to the Tongue.
"MIDDLE" of the Three Pairs of Salivary Glands.
159
Sublingual Glands
Located Inferior to the Tongue and Open into the Oral Cavity by Several Ducts.
160
Vermiform Appendix
About the size of your "LITTLE FINGER" and is located near the junction of the Small and Large Intestines (at the region of the Ileocecal Valve).
161
Lesser Omentum
An Extension of the Peritoneum that forms a "Double Fold" of tissue between the Stomach and the Liver.
162
Greater Omentum
A section of Peritoneum on the Transverse Colon and Drapes over the Intestines as a Fatty Curtain.
163
Liver
A Complex Organ with MANY Functions, some of which are Digestive Material but many of which are not.
Functions of the Liver:
1. Liver processes Digestive Material from the Vessels that Return Blood from the Intestines.
2. Has a role in both Moving Nutrients into the Bloodstream and Storing Them in the Liver Tissue.
3. Produces Blood Plasma Proteins, Detoxifies Harmful Material that has been Produced by the Body or Introduced into the Body, and Produces Bile.
164
Located on the Right side of the Body and is Divided Into Four Lobes (Liver)
Right, Left, Quadrate and Caudate Lobes of the Liver
Right Lobe: Largest Lobe; the left is also Fairly Large.
Quadrate Lobe: Located in the "Middle" Portion of the Liver Ventral to the Caudate Lobe.
165
Falciform Ligament
Traversing through the Liver, which Attaches the Liver to the Inferior Side of the Diaphragm.
166
Liver Lobules
Right, Left, Quadrate and Caudate Lobes of the Liver
167
Central Vein
Each Lobule Blood Vessel in the "Middle" called the Central Vein.
168
Liver Sinusoids
Vessels that carry blood to the Central Vein
169
Hepatocytes
Liver Sinusoids are lined with a Double Row of Cells called this.
Carry out the Various Functions of the Liver.
170
What are Frequently located together forming the Portal (Hepatic) Triad at the Corners of the Liver Lobules?
Hepatic Arteries, Hepatic Portal Veins, and Hepatic Ducts are Frequently located together forming the Portal (Hepatic) Triad at the Corners of the Liver Lobules.
171
Three Pairs of Salivary Glands
Parotid Glands, Submandibular Glands and Sublingual Glands
172
Tissue of the Liver
The tissue of the liver is EXTREMELY Vascular. Fresh, Oxygenated Blood from the Hepatic Artery and Deoxygenated Blood from the Hepatic Portal Veins Mix in the Liver.
173
Hepatic Phagocytic Cell (Kupffer Cells)
Exist Throughout the Liver Tissue, where they act as Phagocytic Cells.
174
Pancreas
Located Inferior to the Stomach and on the Left side of the Body.
It has both ENDOCRINE and EXOCRINE Functions.
Pancreas has a Hormonal Function.
Consists of a tail near the Spleen; an ELONGATED Body; and a Rounded Head near the Duodenum.
Enzymes and Buffers pass the Tissue of the Pancreas into the Pancreatic Duct and then into the Duodenum.
175
Gallbladder
Releases Bile, which Emulsifies Lipids, into the Duodenum.
Emulsifies - make into or become an emulsion.
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable).
The Lipids break into Smaller Droplets, which increase the Surface Area for Digestion.
176
Liver
Site Bile Production, and the Bile flows from the Liver into the Left and Right Hepatic Ducts (figure 38.18
, Step 1) to enter the Common Hepatic Duct. Once in the Common Hepatic Duct, the Sphincter (4) closes. Bile fills the Ducts and flows into the Cystic Duct (2) and then is STORED in the Gallbladder. As the Stomach begins to empty its contents into Gallbladder back into the Cystic Duct and into the Common Bile Duct, which empties into the Duodenum (4).
177
Gallbladder
Located just Inferior to the Liver.
178
Common Bile Duct
The Bile may be transported to the Duodenum by this.
179
What does the Pancreas secrete? What do they do?
The Pancreas secretes many Digestive Enzymes and Buffers, which NEUTRALIZE the Stomach Acids.
180
Pancreatic Duct
The Pancreas secretes many Digestive Enzymes and Buffers, which NEUTRALIZE the Stomach Acids. These are secreted into the Duodenum by this.
181
Pancreatic Duct
In some cases, the Pancreatic Duct joins with the Common Bile Duct to form the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater).
182
The Flow of Bile
1. The Hepatic Ducts, which carry BILE from the Liver Lobes, combine to form the Common Hepatic Duct.
2. The Common Hepatic Duct combines with the Cystic Duct from the Gallbladder to form the Common Bile Duct.
3. The Common Bile Duct and the Pancreatic Duct combine to form the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla.
4. The Hepatopancreatic Ampulla empties Bile and Pancreatic Secretions into the Duodenum at the Major Duodenal Papilla.
5. The Accessory Pancreatic Duct Empties Pancreatic Secretions into the Duodenum at the Minor Duodenal Papilla.
183
The Flow of Bile
Bile flow moves from the Liver through the Hepatic Ducts (1), to the Cystic Duct (2). Bile is STORED in the Gallbladder, then flows back to the Cystic Duct to the Common Bile Duct (3) and then into the Duodenum (4). The Pancreas secretes Enzymes through the Pancreatic Duct, to the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (4) and through the Accessory Pancreatic Duct (5).
184
Pancreas
Accessory Organ
185
Descending Colon
Alimentary Canal
186
Part of the Stomach Closest to the Small Intestine
Pyloric Region
187
Middle Portion of the Small Intestine
Jejunum
188
Distal Portion of the Small Intestine
Ileum
189
Outer Surface of the Stomach
Serosa
190
Layer Adjacent to the Lumen of Intestine
Submucosa
191
Cell Type of the Muscularis
Smooth Muscle
192
Location of the Villi
Mucosa
193
In the stomach, what is Partially digested food called?
Chyme
194
Where are Lacteals located in the Digestive Tract?
Villi of the Small Intestine
195
What membrane holds the Tongue to the floor of the Oral Cavity?
Lingual Frenulum
196
What part of the tooth is found above the neck?
Crown
197
What is the layer of a tooth superficial to the Dentin?
Enamel
198
What are the Adult Teeth that are directly Posterior to the Canine Teeth called?
First Premolar
199
The segments, or pouches, of the Large Intestine have what name?
Haustra
200
What are the names of the salivary glands located anterior to the ear?
Parotid Glands
201
Where is the Lesser Omentum found?
Between the Stomach and the Liver
202
Where does the cystic duct take bile for storage?
Gallbladder
203
What is the length of the large intestine?
4.5 Feet
204
What is the diameter of the large intestine?
3 inches
205
What is the length of the small intestine?
17 Feet
206
What is the diameter of the small intestine?
1.5 inches
