Anatomy Directional Terms & Intro to Locomotor Apparatus Flashcards
KNOW UR FIXES!
enterotomy
“entero” + “tomy” (bowel + ?)
(tomy means ?)
enterectomy
enter + ectomy (bowel + ?)
(“ec”tomy means ?)
enterotomy
“entero” + “tomy” (bowel + cutting)
(tomy means cutting)
enterectomy
enter + ectomy (bowel + removing)
(“ec”tomy means removing)
SPELLING ALWAYS COUNTS
- ileum = bone or part of SI
- ilium = bone or part of SI
- ileum = part of SI
- ilium = bone
manual region (manus) = carpus + ? + digits
see image!
manual region (manus) = carpus + metacarpal + digits (CMD)
Median plane (mid-sagittal)
- Divides body or body part into ? left and right halves
- Sagittal planes -> divided halves are not ?
- Dorsal plane
- Divides body into ?
and ? parts
Median plane (mid-sagittal)
- Divides body or body part into equal left and right halves
- Sagittal planes -> divided halves are not equal
- Dorsal plane
- Divides body into dorsal
and ventral parts
- Transverse plane
- Perpendicular to the ? of the trunk, head etc.
- Divides body segments into:
- cranial/caudal
- ?/caudal
- Transverse plane
- Perpendicular to the axis of the trunk, head etc.
- Divides body segments into:
- cranial/caudal
- rostral/caudal
OVERVIEW
1. osteology
- bones and regions - forelimb
- types of bones a/c to shape
- long bones anatomy
- bony prominences
- arthrology
- classify joints by structure
- anatomy of synovial joints
- joints classified by func.
- basic movements
- myology
- anatomy of skeletal muscles
- Osteology
osteo = bones; ology = study of
THUS THE STUDY OF BONES
Primary function of bones
1. support the weight of body
- movement in concert w joints and muscles
- protection of internal organs
- growth - both lengh and width wise
- storage of minerals (eg: Calcium and Phosphate (P+))
- bones consist of an organic and inorganic component
- organic made up of collagen fibers hugely
- inorganic made up of salts so called calcium phosphate magnesium that gives hardness to bones
- (if bone put in weak acid solution for few days then end up with ONLY ORGANIC compoment as all the salts from inorganic (Calcium etc.) have leeched out and only organic remain! - storage of fat -> yellow marrow
- when u suck out marrow from a marrow bone that basically becomes an inactive hematopoietic tissue that just got replaced by fat (in younger animal hematopoiesis v imp in terms of what happens in marrow known as red marrow so thats active hematopoesis happening there) - blood cell formation -> red marrow
the area over the humerus is known as the brachial region
the area over the radius and ulna is known as antebrachium
flat bone: scapula (after boiled down u can see right through as its flat so thin)
- scapula would be an example of flat bone of humerus
for long bone: length exceeds the width thus even metacarpal would be one as long shaft compared to its ends
sesamoid bones are special types of short bones and appear within ?
irregular bones are ?
sesamoid bones are bones found within ? and origin or insertion of certain muscle and can develop as a response to ? or as a normal occurence
Functions of Sesamoid bones:
Provide a smooth surface for ? to slide over, thereby preventing ? of the associated tendon.
They act as a pulley providing extra leverage to the muscle thereby ? the tendon’s ability to transmit muscular forces.
Their presence can slightly displace the axis of force by altering the ? of tension in the muscle tendon.
sesamoid bones are special types of short bones and appear within tendons
irregular bones are vertebrae
sesamoid bones are bones found within tendons and origin or insertion of certain muscle and can develop as a response to strain or as a normal occurence
Functions of Sesamoid bones:
Provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, thereby preventing friction of the associated tendon.
They act as a pulley providing extra leverage to the muscle thereby enhancing the tendon’s ability to transmit muscular forces.
Their presence can slightly displace the axis of force by altering the direction of tension in the muscle tendon.
Long bones – gross anatomy
- At least 3 centers of ossification
- Diaphysis = bone ?
- ? cavity (contains
yellow marrow) - Epiphysis = ? regions of bone
- Physeal growth plate: located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of (only left) cartilage cells and later gets replaced by bony cells
If an animal has a fracture, for instance, through this growth plate at a time of active growth, can you see that during that healing time, even if you intervene you put those two parts together again, it’s going to ? down the growth of that particular bone in length.
If an animal has a fracture, for instance, through this growth plate at a time of active growth, can you see that during that healing time, even if you intervene you put those two parts together again, it’s going to slow down the growth of that particular bone in length.
IMP! = So you might end up with an animal with a slightly shorter limb in particular in the limb that’s affected.
Bony prominences
* Bones get remodeled in response to stress placed upon them
(? law = form follows function).
- Non-articular prominences: attachment sites for ?; passages of ? and nerves, etc.
(e.g.: spine of the scapula, supraspinous & infraspinous fossae) - Articular prominences: make up ? (e.g.: glenoid cavity)
Scapula, lateral view
So there’s very little stress on the bones. So bones get remodeled in response to stress.
Bony prominences
* Bones get remodeled in response to stress placed upon them
(Wolf’s law = form follows function).
- Non-articular prominences: attachment sites for muscles; passages of vessels and nerves, etc.
(e.g.: spine of the scapula, supraspinous & infraspinous fossae) - Articular prominences: make up joints (e.g.: glenoid cavity)
Scapula, lateral view
So there’s very little stress on the bones. So bones get remodeled in response to stress.
- Arthrology
“Arthro-” (joint) + “-ology” (study of) = the study of ?.
- a joint is the joint of ?, or articulation, between two or more bones/?
- provides ? and ? to the skeleton (not all joints are movable tho)
eg arthritis
- Arthrology
“Arthro-” (joint) + “-ology” (study of) = the study of ?.
- a joint is the point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilages
- provides support and movement to the skeleton (not all joints are movable tho)
Structural classification of joints
1.Fibrous joints
– Strong connective tissue unites articular surfaces of bones
– Bones can even fuse (synostosis) => Limited movement or no movement
- e.g. ? of skull
- Cartilaginous joints
– cartilage unites articular surfaces of bones => ? movement e.g. intervertebral disc in human spine - Synovial joints
– Joint cavity between articular surfaces of bones filled with synovial fluid => full or some movement?
Structural classification of joints
1.Fibrous joints
– Strong connective tissue unites articular surfaces of bones
– Bones can even fuse (synostosis) => Limited movement or no movement
- e.g. suture of skull
- Cartilaginous joints
– cartilage unites articular surfaces of bones => limited movement e.g. intervertebral disc in human spine - Synovial joints
– Joint cavity between articular surfaces of bones filled with synovial fluid => full movement
Synovial joint classifications
By number of articulating bones:
* Simple (between 2 bones): glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, etc.
* Compound (more than 2 bones): humeroradioulnar (elbow)
joint, carpal joint, etc.
By how well the bones fit together:
* Congruent (articular surfaces fit well together):
humeroradioulnar (elbow) joint
* Incongruent (articular surfaces do not fit well together):
knee joint, seen in 2nd semester
By shape & permitted motions around the joint – several types:
* Hinge – least versatile, flexion and extension only (elbow joint)
* Spheroidal (ball & socket) – most versatile, all range of movements (shoulder joint, hip joint)
* Others: condylar, ellipsoidal, etc.
Myology “myo” – Greek term for “muscle”
myo + ology = study of muscle(s)
Locomotor System (Apparatus) =
* bones + joints (PASSIVE components) +
* muscles (ACTIVE component)
Importance: lameness can be caused by muscle/tendon damage, not just bone or joint pathology
Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons.
PROXIMAL
- Tendon of origin (proximal attachment)
– Usually fixed point - Muscle head or belly–
the part that contracts - Tendon of insertion
Canine forearm Lateral view
DISTAL
(distal attachment)
– Usually point moved by
muscle contraction
Aponeurosis:
– A flat, sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment
Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons.
PROXIMAL
(SEE IMAGE FOR THIS)
- Tendon of origin (proximal attachment)
– Usually fixed point - Muscle head or belly–the part that contracts
- Tendon of insertion (distal attachment)
– Usually point moved by muscle contraction
Aponeurosis:
– A flat, sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment
Accessory Structures of Muscles
Synovial bursa (“bursa” = pouch)
- Synovial fluid-filled “balloon” protecting a tendon from a bony surface.
Synovial tendon sheath:
- Synovial fluid-filled “sleeve” completely surrounding a tendon (like a sock) easing its gliding between a retinaculum and bone
Retinaculum
- fibrous band holding down tendon to a bone
Ligament vs Tendon vs Retinaculum
– Ligaments attach ? to bone (usually part of a joint)
– Tendons attach ? to bone (or to another tissue surface)
– Retinacula (pl.) are bands holding down tendon(s) of muscles close to the surface of a bone
Ligament vs Tendon vs Retinaculum
– Ligaments attach bone to bone (usually part of a joint)
– Tendons attach muscle to bone (or to another tissue surface)
– Retinacula (pl.) are bands holding down tendon(s) of muscles close to the surface of a bone
Fasciae / fascial planes
- don’t mindlessly remove fascia WATCH OUT FOR DEEP FASCIA
- Fasciae (pl.) are fibrous leaves enveloping and isolating muscle groups and individual muscles
- Superficial fascia = loose connective tissue attaching skin to underlying mm.
- Deep fascia = leaf of dense connective tissue from which some muscles may
originate or insert; separates muscle groups/layers into fascial planes - helps to keep muscles in place
- e.g. aponeurosis
- The deep fascia tends to be a much more dense, fibrous connective tissue and it helps to keep muscles in place and it also helps muscles separate from each other
- need to know about the superficial and deep fascia as they are nice passageways through which infections can spread so not only separate them but also has clinical significance
use muscle names to ur advantage
- shape: e.g. trapezius
- size: latissimus dorsi m. = “the widest m. of the back”
- relative position: superficial, middle, and deep gluteal mm.
- origin and insertion: sternocephalicus m. = “sternum to head” muscle
- function: extensor carpi radialis m. = “radial extensor of the carpus m.”
- structure: triceps brachii m. “three headed m. of the arm”
