Anatomy Chapter 6 Flashcards
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
Epiphysis
end of a long bone
Osteoblast
bone forming cell
Osteoclast
Cell that breaks down bone
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue
Channel at the center of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow
Medullary Cavity
Fossa
hollow or depression, as in a bone
Sinus
Chanel or cavity, such as paranasal sinuses in the skull bones
Foramen
opening or passageway, as into or through a bone
Articulation
A joint; an area of junction or union between two or more structures
Tendon
cord of regular dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Ligament
band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone; thickened portion or fold of the peritoneum that supports an organ or attaches to another organ
Fontanel
membranous area in the infant skull where bone has not yet formed; also spelled fontanelle; “soft spot”
Atlas
supports the head, the first vertebra
Axis
The second cervical vertebra; serves as a pivot when you turn your head from side to side
Sutures
type of joint in which bone surfaces are closely united, as in skull; stitch used in surgery to bring parts together
Process
a large projection of bone
Crest
a distinct border or ridge, often rough such as over the top of the hip bone
Functions of the skeleton
- Strong framework in which the body is constructed
- Supports and protects all body structures
- Bones work with muscles to produce movement at the joints
Red Bone Marrow
Location: In the spongy bone at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones
Function: Manufactures blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Location: Is found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bone.
Function: yellow marrow composed largely of fat; long bones of babies and children mostly have red marrow, reflecting their greater need for new blood cells
General Divisions of the Axial Skeleton
- 80 bones
- bony framework of the head and the trunk
General Divisions of the Appendicular Skeleton
- 126 bones
- Extremities(limbs)
- Shoulders
- Hips
Structure of a Long Bone
- The most familiar shape
- the type of bone that makes up most of the appendicular skeleton
- The long narrow shaft of this bone is called the diaphysis. At the center of the diaphysis is a medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow. Also has 2 irregular ends, a proximal and distal epiphysis
How the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis
- Adapted for childbirth and pregnancy
- It is lighter in weight
- The ilia are wider and more flared
- The pubic arch, the anterior angle between the pubic bones is wider
- The pelvic inlet, the upper opening, bordered by the pubic joint and sacrum, is wider and more rounded
- The pelvic outlet, the lower opening, bordered by the pubic joint and coccyx, is larger
- The sacrum and coccyx, are shorter and less curved
Infant Fontanels
Purpose: These flexible regions allow the skull to compress and change shape during the birth process. They also allow for rapid brain growth during infancy
Synarthrosis Joint
-immovable
-fibrous; no joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue between bones
Ex. Sutures between skull bones
Amphiarthrosis Joint
-slightly movable
-no joint cavity; cartilage (sometime fibrous tissue) between bones
Ex. pubic symphysis; joints between vertebral bodies
Diarthrosis Joint
-freely movable
-joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Ex. gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket joints
Ethmoid bone
- a light, fragile bone located between the eyes
- it forms a part of the medial wall of the eye orbit, a small portion of the cranial floor, and most of the nasal cavity roof.
- forms the superior and middle nasal conchae
- ethmoid houses several air cells, comprising some of the paranasal sinuses.
- a thin, platelike, downward extension of this bone (the perpendicular plate) forms much of the nasal septum, the midline partition of the nose
Sphenoid bone
- from a superior view, resembles a bat with its wings extended
- lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones
- forms part of the eye orbit
- contains sphenoid sinuses
- contains a depression called sella turcica, literally meaning “Turkish saddle”, that holds and protects the pituitary gland like a saddle
Temporal
- The 2 temporal bones contribute to the sides and the base of the skull
- 2 temporal bones are inferior to the 2 parietal bones
- each contains one ear canal, eardrum, and the ear’s entire middle and inner portions
- The mastoid process is of the temporal bone
Parietal
- The 2 parietal bones form most of the top and the side walls of the cranium
- forms most of the top and sides of skull
Zygomatic (zygoma)
- The 2 zygomatic bones,one on each side, form the prominences of the cheeks
- The zygomatic forms an arch over the cheek with a process of the temporal bone
Mandible
- lower jaw bone
- The skulls only moveable bone
Maxillae (maxilla)
- The 2 maxillae bones fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone, including the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth)
- each maxilla contains a large air space, called the maxillary sinus, that communicates with the nasal cavity
Lacrimal
- The 2 lacrimal bones
- each about the size of a fingernail
- form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity
Vomer
- shaped like the blade of a plow
- forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
Frontal
- the frontal bone forms the forehead, the anterior of the skulls roof, and the roof of the eye orbit
- The frontal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities (paranasal sinuses)
Occipital
-forms the skulls posterior portion and part of its base
Hyoid
- just below the mandible (lower jaw), a single horseshoe or U shaped bone
- tongue and other muscles are attached
Nasal
-lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose
Atlas
- The first vertebra
- supports the head
Axis
- second cervical vertebra
- serves as a pivot when you turn your head from side to side
Sternum
-breast bone
Clavicle
- collar bone
- slender bone with 2 shallow curves
- joins the sternum anteriorly and the scapula laterally and helps to support the shoulder
Scapula
- shoulder blade (is shown in anterior and posterior views
- the spine of the scapula is the posterior raised ridge that can be felt behind the shoulder in the upper portion of the back
Cervical vertebrae
- 7
- C1 to C7
- located in the neck
Thoracic Vertebrae
- 12
- T1 to T12
- larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae and have a longer spinous process that points downward
- the posterior ends of the 12 pairs of ribs are attached to the transverse processes of these vertebrae
Manubrium
- the superior portion of the sternum is a roughly triangular manubrium that joins laterally on the right and left clavicle ( collar bone)
- laterally and inferiorly joins the the anterior ends of the first pair of ribs
- joins the body of the sternum , there is a slight elevation, the sternal angle
Xiphoid process
- a small tip in the inferior end of the sternum
- cartilage in youth, bone in adult
- the land mark for cpr
Lumbar vertebrae
- 5
- L1 to L5
- Larger and heavier than the vertebrae superior to them and can support more weight
- all of their processes are shorter and thicker
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
- 5 separate bones in the child that eventually fuse into one bone called the sacrum, in the adult
- wedges between the 2 hip bones, the sacrum completes the posterior part of the bony pelvis
Coccygeal vertebrae
- consist of 4 or 5 tiny bones in the child.
- these later fuse to form a single bone, the coccyx, or tail bone, in the adult
Ilium
- forms the upper, flared portion
- the Iliac crest is the curved rim along the iliums superior border
- most prominent is the anterior superior iliac spine, which is often used a surface landmark in diagnosis and treatment
Ischium
- the lowest and the strongest part
- the ischial spine at the posterior of the pelvic outlet is used as a reference point during child birth to indicate the progress of the presenting part (usually the babies head)) down the birth canal
- ischial tuberosity, which helps support the trunks weight when a person sits down
Pubis
Forms the anterior part is the os coxae
Pubic symphysis
- the joint formed by the union of the 2 hip bones anteriorly
- this joint becomes more flexible late in pregnancy to allow for passage of the baby’s head during child birth
True ribs
- The first seven pairs
- those that attach directly to the sternum by means of cartilage
False Ribs
The remaining 5 pairs of ribs
-the 8th, 9th and 10th attach to the cartilage of the rib above
Floating Ribs
The last 2 pairs of ribs have no anterior attachment at all
Patella
- kneecap
- embedded in the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle, the quadriceps femoris, where it crosses the knee joint
- it is an example of a sesamoid bone, a type of bone that develops within a tendon or joint capsule
Humerus
- the proximal bone in the arm
- arm bone
Ulna
- forearm
- lies on the side with the pinky finger
Radius
- forearm
- side of the thumb
Carpals
- the wrist contains 8 small carpal bones
- at the heel of the hand
- distal ends of ulna and radius
Metacarpals
- the framework for the palm of each hand
- rounded distal ends for the knuckles
Phalanges (hand)
- 14 phalanges in each hand
- 2 in the thumb and 3 for each finger
- individual is called phalanx
- proximal, middle and distal
Tarsals
-7 tarsal bones associated with the ankle and foot
Metatarsal bones
- 5 bones
- form the framework of the instep, and the heads of these bones for the ball of the foot
Phalanges (foot)
- counter parts of those in the fingers
- 3 in each toe, except the great toe which has 2
Fibula
- does not reach the knee joint
- is not a weight bearing bone
- slender
Tibia
- Shin bone
- on the side of the big toe
Femur
- thigh bone
- longest and strongest bone in the body
Greater trochanter
The large lateral projection near the head of the femur. Usher as a surface landmark. Movements indicate a degree of hip mobility
Lesser trochanter
A smaller elevation, is located on the medial side of the femur
Linea aspera
- a point of attachment for hip muscles
- on the posterior side of the femur, is a long central ridge
Calcaneus
- heel bone
- the largest of the tarsal bones
Medial Malleolus
Is a downward projection at the tibias distal end; it forms the prominence on the inner aspect of the ankle
Lateral Malleolus
At the fibulas distal end, forms the prominence on the outer aspect of the ankle
Mastoid Process
- of the temporal bone, projects downward immediately behind the outer ear
- it is a place for muscle attachments and contains air cells ( spaces) that make up the mastoid sinus
Ossicles
- 3 tiny bones
- in each middle ear
Olecranon
A process that the point of the elbow
Acetabulum
The deep socket that holds the head of the femur (thigh bone) to form the hip joint
Obturator foramen
The largest foramina in the entire body are found near the anterior of each hip bone and on either side of the pubic symphysis
Functions of Bones
- form a sturdy framework for the entire body
- protect delicate structures, such as the brain and spinal cord
- work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement
- store calcium salts, which may be resorbed into the blood if calcium is needed
- produce blood cells(in the red marrow)
Osseous Tissue
bone tissue
-hardest form of connective tissue
Matrix
Bones hardness and strength reflect the compnents of the matrix, the material between the living bone cells and in calcium salts. This material is rich in collagen.
Acromion process
Is that process that joins the clavicle in the scapula
Factors that influence bone growth and maintenance
- hormones
- vitamin D
- sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
