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Week 3 > Anatomy- Cardio > Flashcards

Anatomy- Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

The heart

A
  • 12 cm long - 9 cm wide - 6 cm thick
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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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3
Q

Mediastinum

A

Is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

What components does the mediastinum contain?

A
  • heart - great vessels - trachea - esophagus - thymus - thoracic duct - phrenic nerve - cardiac nerves - lymph nodes
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5
Q

Where is mediastinum located in regards to the rest of the body?

A

Extends from the sternum to the vertebra column First rib to diaphragm Between lungs

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6
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A membrane that surrounds the heart and the root of the great vessels

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous 2. Serous
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8
Q

Fibrous component of the pericardium

A

Tough connective tissue that forms the outer layer

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9
Q

Serous component of the pericardium

A

Thin with 2 layers: 1. Parietal layer 2. Visceral layer (epicardium)

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10
Q

Parietal later of the serous

A

lines the inner surface of fibrous

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11
Q

Visceral layer of the serous

A

Adheres to the heart and forms it’s most intimate covering

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12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

A narrow space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium contains a thin film of lubricating fluid

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall from inwards out?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium (serous (visceral –> parietal) and fibrous)

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14
Q
A

Layers of the heart wall

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15
Q

What are the heart chambers?

A

Left atria

Left ventricle

Right atria

Right ventricle

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16
Q
A

Heart chambers

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17
Q

4 structures of the right atrium

A
  1. Right auricle
  2. Fossa ovale
  3. Pectinate muscle
  4. Tricuspid valve
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18
Q

Right auricle

A

Extends anteriorly over the great vessles

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19
Q

Fossa ovale

A

Embryological communication between right and left atria

Closes soon after birth

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20
Q

Pectinate muscle

A

Seen on anterior wall of the right atrium

Stops at the crista terminalis

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21
Q

Tricupsid valve

A

Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the ventricle contracts

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22
Q

6 characteristics of the right ventricle:

A
  1. Anterior chamber
  2. Trabeculae carneae
  3. Papillary muscles
  4. Chordae tendineae
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Tricuspid valve
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23
Q

Papillary muscles

A

3 of them:

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • septal

Attach to the chordae tendineae

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24
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Cord-like tendonds that attach to the papillary muscle to the leaflets of the tricuspid valve

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25
Q
A

Right atrium

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26
Q

3 characterstics of the left atrium:

A
  1. posterior chamber
  2. left auricle
  3. smooth walls
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27
Q

5 characteristics of the left ventricle:

A
  1. Trabeculae carneae
  2. Aortic semilunar valve
  3. Mitral(bicuspid) valve
  4. Papillary muscles
  5. Chordae tendineae
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28
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Thicker than right

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29
Q

Papillary muscles of the left ventricle

A
  • anterior and posterior
  • attach to the chordae tendinea
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30
Q

Chordae tendineae of the left ventricle

A

Chord-like tendons that attach the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the biscuspid valve

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31
Q
A

Conducting system of the heart

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32
Q

2 heart valves:

A
  1. Semilunar valves
  2. Atrioventricular valves
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33
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • have 3 cusps shaped like half moons
  • aortic and pulmonary valve
  • not attached to chordae tendinae
34
Q

Atrioventricular valves:

A
  • located between the atrium + ventricle
  • tricuspid + mitral valve
35
Q

How is the heart supplied?

A

By 2 coronary arteries:

Right and left

36
Q

Regions of the heart supplied by the right coronary artery?

A
  • right atrium and right ventricle
  • sino-atrial + atrioventricular nodes
  • interatrial septum
  • a portion of the left atrium
  • the posteroinferior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
  • a portion of the posterior part of the left ventricle
37
Q

Regions of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery?

A
  • most of the left atrium and left ventricle
  • anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum
  • the atrioventricular bundle and it’s branches
38
Q
A

Blood flow through the heart

39
Q

What is the function of a blood vessel?

A

tube which the blood is pumped

facilitate exchange between the blood and tissues

40
Q

What characteristics do the heart and blood vessels share?

A

3 layered wall:

  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
41
Q

Blood vessel from in to out

A

Intima –> internal elastic lamina –> media –> external elastic lamina –> adventitia

42
Q

Internal/external elastic lamina

A

thin sheet of elastic fibers with spaces for diffusion of nutrients

43
Q

Intima

A
  • endothelium
  • basemement membrane
44
Q

Media

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibers (stretch and regulate blood flow, blood pressure, homeostasis)
  • connective tissue
45
Q

Adventitia

A
  • dense connective tissue
46
Q

Endothelium

A

influences blood flow

secretes vasoactive substances

assists with capilliary permeability

47
Q

Basement membrane

A

basement membrane anchors the epithelium to tissue

guids cell movement during tissue repair

48
Q

artery vs. capilliary wall

A

artery has media, adventitia, and intima

capilliary is thinner- has intima

49
Q

what kind of blood do arteries carry and where to?

A

oxygenated blood from heart to organs

50
Q

2 types of arteries

A
  1. Elastic (conducting)
  2. Muscular (distributing)
51
Q

Elastic arteries

A
  • have a lot of elastic fibers in the tunica media (ex. aorta + branches)
  • can recoil which helps maintain BP when the heart is relaxed (pressure reservoir)
52
Q

Muscular arteries

A
  • distribute blood to organs
  • a lot of smooth muscle fibers in the media to help regulate blood flow
53
Q

Arterioles

A
  • small arteries
  • 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in media
  • small to increase resistance in blood flow so it changes BP
  • helps regulate BP to capilliaries by contracting or relaxing (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
54
Q

Capillaries

A
  • small and thin to exchange things between blood and tissue
  • has endothelium (sinmple squamous epithelium)
  • and basement membrane
55
Q

3 types of capillaries and definitions:

A
  1. Continuous- plasma membranes of the endothelial cells form a continuous tube (ex. respiratory, CNS)
  2. Fenestrated- have many fenestrations (small pores) (ex. glands and kidneys)
  3. Sinusoids- large pores and incomplete or absent basement membrane. Allow proteins and blood cells to pass (ex. liver and spleen)
56
Q

Veins carry what and where to?

A

deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart

57
Q

How do they look?

A

Vessels with collapsible walls that act as blood reservior

58
Q

Venules?

A

small veins that exchange nutrients and wastes and white blood cell emigration

  • with the capillaries they form microcirculatory unit
59
Q

Large veins?

A

(inferior vena cava)

  • contain smooth muscle in the adventicia to help in blood return to the heart
60
Q

Whats the 3 wall of the vein?

A
  • intima
  • media
  • adventicia
61
Q

Valve of veins?

A

extension of intima

unidirrectional flow of blood

varicose, edema

62
Q

LOOK AT PHONE FOR COMPARISONS

A
63
Q

Circulation

A

LV to body sittues and it’s return to RA

nutrients and O2 are carried to cells and waste and CO2 are returned from tissue cells

64
Q

Main artery carrying blood from the heart?

A

Aorta- type of elastic artery

65
Q

What returns system blood to heart?

A

Venules, veins, and venae cavae

66
Q

What parts of the pody participate in the systemic circulation?

A
  • head and neck
  • upper limb
  • lower limb
  • thorax
  • abdomen
67
Q

Principle artery to organs in abdomen and lower limb?

A

Abdominal aorta

68
Q

principle artery to upper limb?

A

subclavian principle artery to upper limb?

69
Q

Principle artery to lower limb?

A

Femoral artery

70
Q

Aorta 4 sections:

A
  1. ascending aorta (btween heart and aortic branch)
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Descending aorta: divded to
    - thoracic aorta above the diaphram
    - abdominal aorta from below the diaphram to common iliar arteries
71
Q
A

Branches of the aorta

72
Q
A

upper limb circulation

73
Q
A

Upper limb circulation for vein

74
Q

Venules collect?

A

deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and drain into veins

75
Q

Deep veins

A

accompany arteries and anastomose with superficial veins

76
Q

superficial veins

A

important access points when drawing for analysis

77
Q

Major systemic veins

A
  1. superior vena cava (SVC)
  2. Inferior vena cava
78
Q

superior vena cava

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood from upper half of the body to the right atrium
  • formed by the right and left brachiocephalic veins
  • the azygosvein joins it just before it enters the right atrium
79
Q

Inferior vena cava

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium
  • formed by the union of the left and right common iliac veins
  • anastomoses with the azygos vein system (runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord
80
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • forms a part of the systemic circulation
  • main blood supply to the heart muscles

Week 3 (3 decks)

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