Anatomy Book Weeks 1-6 Flashcards
Describe the innervation and attachments of the serrated anterior
Serrated anterior is innervated by the long thoracic nerve (a branch of the bronchial plexus)
Proximal attachments: anterior surface of first 8 or 9 ribs
Distal attachments : anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
Function of serratus anterior
Helps you rotate / move scapula (shoulder blade) forwards and up
What are the main functions of the pec major and pec minor
Pec major: flexion and extension of the arm
Pec minor: movement of the scapula - elevated ribs for deep inspiration
Where are the innermost intercostals
3rd and deepest layer of intercostal muscles - located deep into internal and external intercostals filling the 11 intercostal spaces between the ribs
Function of the intercostal muscles
External intercostals : forced and quiet inhalation
Internal: forced exhalation (depress ribs and decrease space in chest cavity)
Where does the internal thoracic artery originate and what structures does it supply
Supplies the anterior chest wall and breasts
Arises from the first part of the subclavian artery, running 1-2cm lateral to the sternal edge and dividing into the deep superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries at the 6th costal cartilage
How do the ribs move in relation to the thoracic vertebrae and sternum
Synovial joint permits the movement of the rib that occurs in respiration joints between ribs and vertebrae are held together by ligaments (radiate and superior Costco transverse)
What is a bronchopulmonary segment
A portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus and artery
Why might fluid collect abnormally in the pleural cavity and need to be removed (2 conditions)
Pleura creates too much fluid when its irritated, inflamed or infected eg in lung / breast cancer or heart failure
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity
Roof - composed of 3 parts: frontonasal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
Medial wall - nasal septum
Lateral wall - nasal conchae
Floor - hard palate
What kind of epithelium lines the paranasal air sinuses
Pseudostratified ciliated and columnar epithelium
Where does the lymph drain from the maxillary sinus (the sinus that most commonly becomes infected)
One drainage pathway runs from the maxillary gingiva to the submandibular nodes
What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity
Ciliated pseudostratified and columnar epithelium
What is the sensory nerve supply of the nasal cavity
Nasal cavity receives innervation via branches of the olfactory (cranial nerve), ophthalmic and maxillary nerves
Describe the clinical situation of paranasal sinuses and sinusitis
Thick, discoloured discharge from the nose. Drainage down the back of the throat
Nasal obstruction or congestion causing difficulty breathing through the nose
Pain, tenderness and swelling around eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead
Describe the clinical situation of cranial nerves and referred pain
Caused by cranial neuropathies, poorly controlled diabetes or high BP, head injuries, infections, strokes and brain tumours
Symptoms include: weakness or loss of sensation in part of the face or changes in vision
Consider the structures you would see with respect to pneumothorax
Pleura is pushed further away from the chest wall. Pneumothorax is more obvious with a visible pleura line and shift of the mediastinum and trachea (indicating tension)
On inspiration, mediastinum and trachea are central
Where does the pericardium attach and which vessels pass through it
Pericardium is attached to the diaphragm below the mediastinal pleura on the side and the sternum in the front
Each of the great vessels passes through an adherent cuff of pericardium as it enters or leaves the pericardial sac
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the lining around your heart
Sharp pain in chest that worsens when breathing deeply or lying down
What is a triple bypass
A surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery
What is cardiac tamponade
Results from accumulation of pericardial fluid under pressure leading to impaired cardiac filling and haemodynamic compromise
What is cardiomegaly
An enlarged heart seen on any imaging test
What is the difference between the phrenic nerve and the vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve goes round the front of the hilum of the lung, vagus nerve goes behind
Define systole and diastole
Systole: the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
Diastole : the part of the cardiac cycle during which the heart refills with blood after the emptying during systole
What is a stenosis aortic valve
Narrowing of the aortic valve opening which restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
What is a prolapsed mitral valve
2 valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upwards to the left atrium
What structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture
Trachea Oesophagus Left common carotid Right common carotid Phrenic (L and R) Left and right braciocephalic vein and artery Vagus nerve Sympathetic trunk
How is venous pressure measured
Measured by a central venous catheter placed through either the subclavian or internal jugular veins
Central venous pressure can be monitored using a pressure transducer or amplifier
Describe catheterisation of coronary arteries
An invasive diagnostic procedure that provides information about the structure and function of the heart:
Catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in the groin, neck or arm and threaded through blood vessels to the heart
Coronary angioplasty / stenting are also done using coronary catheterisation
Describe aortic aneurysms and coarctation of the aorta
Aortic aneurysms: a balloon like bulge in the aorta (can rupture which can then split the layers of the artery wall allowing blood to leak between them)
Coarctation of the aorta: birth defect in which part of the aorta is narrower than usual. Most common cause of death in coarctation is aneurysm and so resection of the aneurysmatic segment of the aorta is necessary to prevent rupture
What is a coronary artery bypass graft
A surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery
- sewing one end of a section of a vein over a tiny opening in the aorta and the other end over a tiny opening made in the coronary artery just below the blockage
Where does the left coronary artery arise from
Arises from the left posterior sinus, the right from the anterior sinus
Where does the anterior interventricular artery arise from
The left coronary artery and the posterior interventricular artery arises from the right coronary artery
Where does the phrenic nerve run along
The lateral borders of the pericardial sac between the fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal pleura
What are the right atrium and right ventricle separated by
The tricuspid valve
What is the apex of the heart formed by
The left ventricle
What is the sinoatrial node supplied by
Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system:
Parasympathetic activity: decreases the heart rate
Sympathetic activity: has the opposite effect
Where is the sinoatrial node located
Close to the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium
