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Yoga Teachers Training > Anatomy- Bones > Flashcards

Anatomy- Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Spinous Process

A

Spinous process is a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra. The spinous process protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine.

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2
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

The vertebral foramen is the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior (front) segment (the body), and the posterior (back) part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at C1 and continues below L5.

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3
Q

Articular facet

A

The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, are projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra. The actual region of contact is called the articular facet.

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4
Q

Transverse process

A

Transverse process is a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae. The two transverse processes of each vertebrae function as the site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine).

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5
Q

Vertebral body

A

Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum.

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6
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A

Twelve small bones form the vertebral spine which is located in the upper trunk of the body. The spine is made up of many vertebrae, but thoracic vertebra are different than others because they are the only vertebra supporting the ribs and the only vertebra whose spinous process overlap. They are the same as other vertebra in that they support the weight of the upper body and provide protection for the spinal cord while it runs through the vertebral canal. The thoracic vertebrae are located in the thorax. They form the region of the spinal column inferior (below) to the cervical vertebrae of the neck and superior (above) to the lumbar vertebrae of the lower back.

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7
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

There are five individual cylindrical bones that make up the lumbar vertebrae, forming the spine in the lower part of the back. These vertebrae hold the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement to the trunk of the body. These vertebrae protect the spinal cord and nerves within the vertebral canal.

The lumbar vertebrae are in the body’s midline, in the lower back.

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8
Q

How does movement allowed by the spine change as we progress from the head down?

A

The most movement is allowed by the cervical region. As we get into the thoracic region there is still movement but less than in the neck (cervical). Even less movement can occur as we go into the lumbar vertebrae (lower back). Typically the sacral bones along with the coccygeal bones are fused or have extremely limited movement.

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9
Q

What is the spinal canal?

A

The spinal canal is the hollow passage formed by the foramen of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord runs. The spinal canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid that bathes the nerves. The canal originates at the base of the skull and ends at the sacrum.

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10
Q

By what is the spinal cord protected?

A

The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column (also known as the vertebrae column or backbone).

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11
Q

What factors affect the bones at all stages of our lives?

A

Genetics, posture, activity level, and nutrition.

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12
Q

Of how many bones is skeleton of an adult is made up?

A

206

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13
Q

The skeleton is divided into two parts:

A

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

The Axial skeleton consists of:

A

Skull, vertebral column (spine) and rib cage

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15
Q

The Appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

Upper limbs and shoulder joint and lower limbs and hip joint

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16
Q

What tole does the skeletal system perform?

A

The skeletal system is the framework of the body. It provides protection and support for our internal organs, and storage space for calcium and phosphorus.

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17
Q

What are the categories of bones?

A

Long, flat & short.

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18
Q

What are long bones adapted for?

A

Leverage. Additionally, long bones in the body help manufacture blood for both immunity and respiration.

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19
Q

What are Flat bones adapted for?

A

Protection

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20
Q

For what are Short bones adapted?

A

Weight bearing. They have different markings to identify them further, called bony landmarks, such as depressions and processes (protrusions).

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21
Q

The main parts of the bones from the superficial layer to the deep layer are:

A

Periosteum, Endosteum, Bone marrow.

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22
Q

Periosteum is:

A

a fibrous membrane rich in blood vessels and nerve endings

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23
Q

Endosteum is:

A

inner covering of the medullary cavities which hold the bone marrow

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24
Q

Bone marrow is:

A

inner elastic part of the bone

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25
Q

How many ribs do humans have?

A

Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs).

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26
Q

Three important functions of the rib cage are:

A

Protection
Support
Respiration

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27
Q

How does the rib cage provide protection?

A

It encloses and protects the heart and lungs.

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28
Q

How does the rib cage provide support?

A

It provides a strong framework onto which the muscles of the shoulder girdle, chest, upper abdomen and back can attach.

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29
Q

How does the rib cage support respiration?

A

It is flexible and can expand and contract by the action of the muscles of respiration.

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30
Q

What bones does the rib cage consist of?

A

The bones of the rib cage are the sternum, the 12 thoracic vertebrae and the 12 pairs of ribs.

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31
Q

What are ribs attached to?

A

All ribs are attached in back to the thoracic vertebrae T1-T12.

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32
Q

What are “true ribs”?

A

Ribs 1 through 7 are each attached in front to the sternum by costal cartilage, and therefore called “true” ribs.

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33
Q

What are “false ribs”?

A

Ribs 8 through 10, the “false” ribs are not attached to the sternum but to the costal cartilage of the 7th rib above.

34
Q

What are “floating ribs”?

A

Ribs 11 and 12 are called “floating” ribs, they are only attached to the vertebrae.

35
Q

What is the Sternum?

A

The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone shaped like a necktie located in the center of the chest.

36
Q

What’s the sternum connected to?

A

It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front of the rib cage, and thus helps to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.

37
Q

What kind of bone is the sternum?

A

Flat

38
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

39
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

The clavicle is the collarbone, which is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right.

40
Q

What kind of bone is the clavicle?

A

Long

41
Q

What makes the clavicle unique?

A

The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.

42
Q

What is the scapula?

A

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a triangular shaped bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Each person has two scapulae, one for each shoulder joint. The scapula lies superficial (on top) of the ribs.

43
Q

What are the parts of the pectoral girdle?

A

The pectoral girdle is composed of two bones on each side of the body:

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Clavicle (collar bone)

44
Q

What are the functions of the acromion process of the scapula?

A

Forms a protective cover over the shoulder joint
Attachment point for the clavicle
Attachment point for some muscles of the shoulder

45
Q

How is the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton connected?

A

The clavicles (collarbones) are connected at the chest via the sternum (breastbone) and on the lateral end by the acromion process of the scapula.

46
Q

What is the subscapular fossa?

A

The subscapular fossa is the large area on the anterior side of the scapula.

47
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

The glenoid fossa is the socket part of the shoulder joint where the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) attaches.

48
Q

Parietal Bone

A

One parietal bone is located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. It is shaped like a curved plate and has four borders. Together, the parietal bones form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium. They are fused in the middle along the sagittal suture, and they meet the frontal bone along the coronal suture. Where the two sutures meet is called the bregma. There is a gap through the parietal bone that serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves, called the parietal foramen.

49
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

The sphenoid bone is wedged between several other bones in the front of the cranium. It consists of a central part and two wing-like structures that extend sideways toward each side of the skull. This bone helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the orbits (eye sockets).

50
Q

Frontal Bone

A

The single frontal bone forms the forehead and articulates with the nasal bones, maxillae, and zygomatic bones in formation of the face

51
Q

Mandible

A

The mandible, or jawbone, is the only movable bone in the skull. It is the strongest and most massive bone in the face.

52
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Occipital Bone, the bone located at the lower back of the head (skull). The occipital bone articulates (connects) with the atlas (C1), enabling movement of the head relative to the spine.

53
Q

Temporal Bone

A

The temporal bone contributes to the lower lateral (side) walls of the skull. It contains the middle and inner portions of the ear, and is crossed by the majority of the cranial nerves. The lower portion of the bone articulates with the mandible, forming the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

54
Q

Ilium

A

The ilium is the most superior part of the hip bone, and largest part of the hip bone. It connects with the the hip socket. You can find the crest of your ilium by placing your hands on your hips.

The ilium is the largest of the 3 bones that come together to form the hip bone.

55
Q

Iliac Crest

A

The most superior of the border of the ilium.

As you touch your hips with your hands, the pointy parts of the hip bones are the iliac crest.

56
Q

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

A

located where the iliac crest ends in the anterior (front) of the body.

Abbreviated ASIS. These points are more difficult to see but are sometimes visible.

57
Q

Posterior Superior Iliac spine

A

located where the iliac crest ends in the posterior (back) of the body.

Abbreviated PSIS. These points sometimes appear as little “dimples” located superior to the glutes and inferior to the iliac crest you can rest your hands on.

58
Q

Ischium

A

The ischium forms the posterioinferior (back lower portion) part of the hip bone.

The posterorinferior aspect of the ischium forms the ischial tuberosities and when sitting, it is these tuberosities on which our body weight falls. These are commonly called the “sit bones”.

59
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint joining the left and right pubic bones.

60
Q

Sacrum

A

The sacrum is a large wedge shaped vertebra at the inferior end of the spine. It forms the solid base of the spinal column where it intersects with the hip bones to form the pelvis. The sacrum is a very strong bone that supports the weight of the upper body as it is spread across the pelvis and into the legs.

The female sacrum is shorter, wider, and curved more posteriorly than the male sacrum to provide more room for the passage of the fetus through the birth canal during childbirth.

The sacrum is important in a yoga class, as it is a point of reference in many poses. If we are in supported bridge, the block comes underneath the sacrum. If we are doing core work, or a reclined pose, we often cue that the sacrum should be connected to the ground. Knowing and understanding where the sacrum is can be a pivotal part of your yoga teaching.

61
Q

Coccyx

A

The coccyx is a triangular arrangement of bone that makes up the very bottom portion of the spine below the sacrum. It represents a vestigial tail, hence the common term “tailbone”.

62
Q

Female v. Male pelvis

A

Several significant differences exist between the female and male pelvis (most of which are related to the requirements of child bearing). Specifically, in females the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet are wider than in males, the pubic angle is greater in females, and the ischial spines are shorter and more everted than those of males.

63
Q

Pelvic gridle uniqueness

A

Impacts hip openers; people experience them very differently.

64
Q

Femur

A

The head of the femur (thigh bone) articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket) in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. The femur is both the strongest bone and the longest bone in the body. It is the only bone in the thigh. Its primary function is to transmit forces from the tibia to the hip joint.

65
Q

Patella

A

The patella is the kneecap. It is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

66
Q

Tibia

A

The tibia is the main bone of the leg, forming what is more commonly known as the shin. It expands at both ends, articulating at the knee and ankle joints respectively.

It is the second largest bone in the body, this is due to its function as a weight bearing structure.

67
Q

Fibula

A

The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral (outside) side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones.

68
Q

Tarsals

A

The tarsal bones are basically the ankle bones. They articulate with the bones of the metatarsus, a group of five long bones located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (toes). The tarsus meets the ankle joint above, which connects to the tibia and fibula bones of the leg.

69
Q

Metatarsals

A

The metatarsal bones are connected to the bones of the toe, or phalanges, at the knuckle of the toe, or metatarsophalangeal joint. Metatarsals are convex in shape (arch upward), are long bones, and give the foot its arch. They work with connective tissues, ligaments and tendons, to provide movement in the foot.

70
Q

Phalanges of the foot

A

The phalanges (toe bones) are long bones. Like in the hand, each toe consists of three phalanges, which are named the proximal, middle and distal phalanges. However, the hallux, or big toe, only has two phalanges, a proximal and a distal one.

71
Q

Humerus

A

The humerus is the long bone located in the upper arm. The humerus is located between the shoulder and the elbow joint. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna, as the forearm’s radial bone connects to the wrist. At the shoulder, the humerus connects to the frame of the body via the glenoid fossa (shoulder socket) of the scapula.

72
Q

Radius

A

The radius (sometimes called the radial bone) is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side (outside) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.

73
Q

Ulna

A

The ulna is located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It joins with the humerus on its larger end to make the elbow joint, and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. Together with the radius, the ulna enables the wrist joint to rotate. A way to help remember which side the ulna is on is P-U (pinkie finger and ulna).

74
Q

Carpals

A

The carpal bones are a group of eight, irregularly shaped bones. They are organised into two rows – proximal and distal.

75
Q

Carpals, proximal

A

In the proximal row, the bones are (lateral to medial):

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform – A sesamoid bone, formed within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris

76
Q

Carpals, distal

A

In the distal row, the bones are (lateral to medial):

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

77
Q

How are carpal bones articulated?

A

Proximally, the scaphoid and lunate articulate with the radius to form the wrist joint. In the distal row, all of the carpal bones articulate with the metacarpals.” (Definition and photo reference teachmeanatomy.info)

78
Q

Carpal bones nemonic devise

A

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

79
Q

Metacarpals

A

The metacarpals are long bones within the hand that are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The metacarpals together are referred to as the “metacarpus.” The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they join to the wrist. On the palm side, they are covered with connective tissue. You can feel and see the metacarpals on the back of your hand, through your skin. The five metacarpals are called thumb metacarpal, index metacarpal, middle metacarpal, ring metacarpal, and small metacarpal. Ten percent of all fractures that occur are those to the metacarpals and phalanges. This is important to know in yoga, where we use the hands for balancing, plank and many other stabilization poses.

80
Q

Phalanges of the hand

A

There are fourteen phalanges in each hand – three per finger and two in the thumb. Each consists of two extremities and one body. These are what we commonly call fingers.

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