Anatomy - Bones Flashcards
Types of Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles
Syndesmoses
Fibrous membrane
Partially moveable
e.g. interosseous membrane
Sutures
Bones held together by tough fibres, either interlocking or overlapping Highly stable
e.g. coronal suture
Fontanelles
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
Allow growing bones to slide over each other
Types of Joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Primary cartilaginous
Secondary cartilaginous
Primary Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses Bones joined by hyaline cartilage Permit growth in length of bone Usually only temporary, and will ossify and fuse e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
Symphyses
Strong, slightly moveable
United by fibrocartilage
e.g. intervertebral discs
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane Hinge Biaxial Ball and Socket Pivot
Synovial Joint Features
Hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces
Capsule wrapped arund joint
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Supported by ligaments from bone to bone
Associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
Associated with bursae containing synovial fluid
Rank Joints in Order of Mobility
Synovial>Cartilaginous>Fibrous
Increasing stability
Define Subluxation
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces at a joint
Define Dislocation
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces at a joint
Give an example of an Atypical Feature of a Synovial Joint
Articular disc of the TMJs
Endochondral Ossification
Process by which an initial, all hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone
When the growth of the hyaline cartilage ossifies, growth ceases
Structure of Bone
Outer cortex = Dense, strong, heavy, COMPACT (cortical)
Inner medulla = Porous, weaker, lighter, SPONGY (trabecullar/cancellous). May contain bone marrow
Fracture Healing
Callus of new bone forms a “bridge” over fracture line
Callus remodelling and calcification
Callus is reabsorbed and replaced by bone
Bony Features
Functional =
Best shape for the job
e.g. Bottom of the humerus
Adjacent Structure =
Bone moulded due to applied force
e.g. Tibial tuberosity or humerus grooves for tendons
Adjacent Structure =
Simultaneously developing
e.g. Foramen in the mandible for cranial nerves
Axial Skeleton
Middling skeleton =
Skull, neck and trunk bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendages of skeleton =
Limbs and the girdles which attach them
Bones of Cranial Vault
Posterior to Anterior ish
Occipital bone Left and right temporal bone Left and right parietal bone Left and right sphenoid bone Frontal Bone
Bones of Facial Skeleton (Superior to Inferior ish)
Left and right nasal bone
Left and right zygoma
Left and right maxilla
Mandible
Le Fort Fracture I
Horizontal fractures of maxilla
Le Fort Fracture II
Passes from cavities in the maxilla superomedially across some of the zygoma to the bridge of the nose
Le Fort Fracture III
Horizontal fracture passes through superior orbital fissures and ethmoid and nasal bones, extending laterally through the greater wings of the sphenoid and the frontozygomatic sutures
Features of Vertebrae
x1 Spinous process x2 Transverse process x2 Inferior articular process x2 Superior articular processes Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Vertebral body
Spinous Process Function
Ligament and muscle attachments
Transverse Process Function
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
Inferior and Superior Articular Process Function
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
Vertebral Arch Function
Protects the spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen Function
Transmits and protects the spinal cord
C1 - Atlas Difference
No body or spinous process
Posteror and anterior arch instead
C2 - Axis Difference
Odontoid process
Projects superiorly from body
C7 Difference
Vertebrae prominens
First palpable spinous process
True Ribs
1-7
Attach to sternum via costal cartilage
False Ribs
8-10
Attach to sternum via shared costal cartilage
Floating Ribs
11-12
No attachment to sternum
