anatomy basics

Question 1

how many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 1

12 pairs

Question 2

how many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 2

31 pairs

Question 3

how many vertebrae in the cervical spine?

Answer 3

C1 - C7

C1 - atlas (has no spinous process)
C2 - axis (dens)

atlanto-axial joint is a pivot synovial joint - permits side to side movement

Question 4

how many vertebrae in the thoracic spine?

Answer 4

T1 -T12

Question 5

how many vertebrae in the lumbar spine?

Answer 5

L1 - L5

Question 6

how many vertebrae in the sacral region?

Answer 6

S1-S5 all fused together

Question 7

how many vertebrae in the coccyx regions?

Answer 7

2-5 fused vertebrae

Question 8

the axial skeleton consists of….

Answer 8

skull, mandible, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum,

Question 9

retroperitoneal organs?

SAD PUCKER

Answer 9

S - suprarenal (adrenal) glands
A - aorta/IVC
D - duodenal (seconds & third part)
P - pancreas (except tail)
U - ureters
C - ascending & descending colon
K - kidneys
E - oEsophagus
R - rectum

Question 10

secondary retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 10

Colon ascending and descending

duodenum parts 2-4

Question 11

intraperitoneal organs

SALTD SPRSS

Answer 11

Stomach
Appendix
Liver
Transverse Colon
Duodenum first part
Small Intestine
Pancreas tail
Rectum upper third
Sigmoid
Spleen

Question 12

what does ‘secondary’ peritoneal organs mean?

Answer 12

they only have perineum on the anterior side

Question 13

what are the 6 cranial bones?

PEST OF 6

Answer 13

parietal
ethmoid
sphenoid
temporal 
occipital
frontal

Question 14

name the 4 rotator cuff muscles

SITS

Answer 14

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

Question 15

carpal muslces

SLTPTTCH

Answer 15

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium 
trapezioid
capitate
hamate

Question 16

name the tarsal bones

Answer 16

talus
calcaneus
cuneiforms (medial intermediate lateral)
navicular
cuboid

Question 17

three parts of the small intestine

Answer 17

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 18

parts of the large intestine

Answer 18

caecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon 

(then rectum, anal canal, and anus)

Question 19

what is morrisons pouch?

Answer 19

hepatorenal recess

potential space between the right kidney and the liver which can fill with fluid in ascites

Question 20

lowest space in the male pelvis?

Answer 20

retro-vesicle pouch

Question 21

spaces in the female pelvis?

Answer 21

vesico-uterine pouch

recto-uterine (pouch of douglas) - most inferior

Question 22

region of sympathetic outflow?

Answer 22

thoracolumbar (T1-L2) reaches organs via cardiopulmonary/abdominopelvic splachnic nerves

Question 23

region of parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 23

cranio-sacral

CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal nerves

Question 24

what are the 5 main nerve modalities?

Answer 24

sensory:
- somatic sensory (from body wall)
- visceral afferent (from organs)
motor:
- somatic motor (to body wall/skeletal voluntary muscle)
- sympathetic/parasympathetic (to smooth muscle, glands &organs)

Question 25

the vagus nerve passes ____ of the lung root | and the phrenic nerve passes ____ the lung root.

Answer 25

vagus nerve - behind the lung root | phrenic nerve- infront of the lung root

Question 26

the left/right vagus nerve loops under the aorta to give off the ________.

Answer 26

left vagus nerve sends a branch off under the aortic arch to become the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Question 27

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 27

type 1 resp failure- hypoxaemia (without hypercapnia) | type 2 resp failure - hypoxaemia with hypercapnia

Question 28

causes of type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 28

``` pneumonia asthma PE pneumothorax Pulmonary firbosis ```

Question 29

causes of type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 29

COPD pulmonary oedema GBS- weak resp muscles

Question 30

SaO2 targets for normal people and COPD patients?

Answer 30

normal: 90-94% COPD: 88-92%

Question 31

paraneoplastic effect associated with SCLC?

Answer 31

SIADH, low Na

Question 32

paraneoplastic effect associated with squamous cell lung cancer?

Answer 32

raised PTH, high Ca