Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 4; Week 1-Michelle > Anatomy--Back > Flashcards

Anatomy--Back Flashcards

1
Q

Back pain is the second most common reason to do what 2 things?

A

go to the doctor & miss work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What leads into spondylolisthesis?

A

spondylolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? What is the significance of this for spinal cord damage w/ spondylolisthesis?

A

spinal cord ends @ L2.
If spondy is below that-no spinal cord damage. If above that, could damage the spinal cord.
Could damage nerve roots at any level. Can damage spinal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the neural ramifications of fractures?

A

may cause compression of nerve roots or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the neural ramifications of herniating discs?

A

they may put pressure on exiting nerve roots b/c they narrow the intervertebral foramina w/ the degenerated disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of intervertebral foramina?

A

to allow for passage of exiting spinal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are osteocytes & what are its neural ramifications?

A

abnormal bony growths

if the bones start rubbing together they form spiny processes that impinge on spinal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe what causes muscular back pain.

A

you get this from guarding, constant tonic contractions used to keep the body in a position that alleviates pain.
Keep in mind that muscular back pain is often secondary to another injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does bone pain come from?

A

usu from the periosteum that surrounds the bone & is suspectible to fractures
feels like localized point tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meningeal pain?

A

meninges cover parts of the nervous system
the dura is particularly well innervated
anything that pushes on the dura can cause meningeal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If you have an L5/S1 herniated disc, which nerve will it compress?

A

It will compress one down–S1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the nerve root pain of an L5/S1 herniated disc.

A

The person will feel non-classic referred pain down the S1 dermatome=lateral side of the thigh & leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the pelvis a part of the axial skeleton?

A

Not really. The sacrum and coccyx are…which make up a part of the pelvic girdle. But the ilium etc are a part of the appendicular skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the skeleton? What are the 2 main categories of curves?

A

33 vertebrae

primary & secondary curvatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can there ever be variation in having 33 vertebrae?

A

Yeah, could have 32 or 34. Men are more likely to have 34. Women are more likely to have 32.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many nerves are associated w/ 33 vertebrae?

A

31 nerves!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are the 31 nerves found?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
How many vertebrae are in the following sections?
cervical 
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5 segments
coccyx: 4 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of curve of the spinal cord is associated with the fetus? Generally & specifically.

A

primary curves
specifically: thoracic & sacral regions
concave side faces anterior of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are secondary curves formed? Which sections are secondary curves?

A

these are formed after the baby gains some strength
include lumbar & cervical
get them when you can sit up & stand erect
get them by 4 years of age
concave side faces posterior of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which vertebral structures make up the vertebral foramen or vertebral arch? Which structure lies in the middle of this foramen?

A

body
pedicle
lamina
*spinal cord housed in here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which parts of the vertebrae function in muscle attachment & movement?

A

spinous process

transverse processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which parts of the vertebrae function in restricting movement & connecting adjacent vertebrae together?

A

articular processes & facets

there is a superior & inferior one!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which part of the vertebrae support body weight?

A

vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What separates the vertebral bodies that lie on top of each other?

A

intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is laminectomy? What is the purpose for this procedure?

A

this is a procedure where you take off the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch.
Its purpose is to allow access to the spinal cord.
Not common now, but used to be a standard procedure for a herniated disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F People often slip a vertebrae?

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the zygapophyseal joint?

A

This is the joint formed b/w the superior articular process of one lower vertebrae w/ the inferior articular facet of a higher vertebrae.
It is considered a synovial joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the components of the zygapophyseal joint?

A

Made up of a superior articular process & inferior articular facet
**has a joint capsule, synovial fluid, & ligamentous structures holding it together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramen? What is their function?

A

This is a hole formed when 2 vertebrae come together. It is formed by the inferior notch of a higher vertebrae & the superior notch of a lower vertebrae. This is the space by which nerve roots leave the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What makes up the greater component of the intervertebral foramen? The superior or inferior notch?

A

The inferior notch makes up a greater proportion of the intervertebral foramen. This is also where more of the nerve roots are tucked in!
Note: as you age, this foramen gets smaller & you can sometimes compress your nerve roots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are the mamillary processes found & what are their function?

A

These are found on the lateral surface of the superior articular facets. It is a roughened area & is a site of attachment for muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the positions of the superior articular facet & inferior articular facet in the following regions?
Cervix
Thorax
Lumbar

A

Cervix: face superior (superior) & inferior (inferior)
Thorax: face anterior (inferior) & posterior (superior)
Lumbar: face laterally (inferior) & medially (superior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why are L5S1 disc herniations so common?

A

b/c of the prominent joint b/w the lumbar vertebrae & the sacrum
makes the internal sacral promontory landmark @ this joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are there any holes in the sacrum? If so, how many & what is their purpose?

A

Yes! There are 8 anterior sacral foramina & 8 posterior sacral foramina & 1 posterior sacral hiatus.
The anterior foramina are for the ventral rami of the sacral nerves to go to anterior structures.
The posterior foramina are for the dorsal rami of the sacral nerves to go to true back muscles posteriorly. These are for the first 4 sacral nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the S5 nerve exit?

A

thru the posterior sacral hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the last spinal nerve? Where does it exit? Where does it go?

A

C1

it exits thru the posterior sacrum (sacral hiatus) & it goes to the coccyx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do you feel the first bump of your spine?

A

first palpable point is C7 in your neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the spinous process of the following vertebrae.
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

A

Cervical: bifid spinous process
Thoracic: not bifid, but points inferiorly
Lumbar: large spinous process for erector spinae muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T/F Vertebral bodies get larger as you move toward the cervical region.

A

FALSE They get larger as you move toward the lumbar region b/c that is an area that requires more load bearing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How many degrees of freedom does each region have?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

A

Cervical: 3 degrees of freedom
Thoracic: 2 degrees of freedom
Lumbar: 1 degree of freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the main movement of the thoracic region? Which movement is restricted?

A

Main movement: lateral bending

Restricted Movement: posterior-anterior flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the main movement of the lumbar region? Which movement is restricted?

A

Main Movement: flexion & extension

Restricted Movements: lateral bending & rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a unique feature of the cervical vertebrae?

A

transverse foramen for vertebral arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a unique feature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

articular facets for the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The head rocks on the ____ & spins on its _____.

A

The head rocks on the atlas & spins on its axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the structure of the atlas.

A

it doesn’t have a vertebral body
it has an anterior arch for the dens of the axis to sit in, with a ligament holding it in place
dens can rotate nicely in the atlas b/c of lack of body
have anterior & posterior arch
have superior & inferior articular fovea
have transverse foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What allows the head to spin on the axis?

A

the lack of vertebral body of the atlas–doesn’t impede this movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where do the occipital condyles rest?

A

in the superior articular fovea of the atlas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the structure of the axis.

A

has a big body, the dens, that articulates with the atlas
has superior & inferior articular surfaces
has an anterior articular surface on the anterior of the dens
has transverse processes
has transverse foramen
has vertebral body
has lamina
has bifid spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What’s the deal with the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

this is the joint b/w the atlas & the occipital bone
it causes nodding of the head yes, flexion & extension)
it is a synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What’s the deal with the atlanto-axial joint?

A

this is the joint b/w the atlas & axis

it is responsible for shaking the head no (some rotation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the axis of movement in the vertebral column for the following motion?
Flexion

A

bending forward
transverse axis
movement toward anterior side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the axis of movement in the vertebral column for the following motion?
Extension

A

bending backward
transverse axis
movement toward posterior side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the axis of movement in the vertebral column for the following motion?
lateral bending

A

anteroposterior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the axis of movement in the vertebral column for the following motion?
rotation

A

vertical axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the 4 main factors that allow or restrict movement of the back/trunk?

A
  1. thickness of intervertebral discs
  2. orientation of articular facets
  3. attachment of ribs
  4. size, elasticity & orientation of back muscles & abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How much movement is there in the following areas?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

A

Cervical: considerable, highest amount (also b/c such light weight)
Thoracic: less movement (ribs get in the way)
Lumbar: less movement, but considerable flexion & extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where are the intervertebral discs the most thin?

A

the cervical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What shows up as a collar on a scotty dog?

A

a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis
spondylolysis
**scotty dog seen w/ oblique view of the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where is the pars interarticularis?

A

this is in the vertebrae b/w the superior & inferior articular facets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q 
What makes up the following parts of the dog?
eye
nose
neck
ear
body
tail
hind leg
front leg
A

eye: pedicle
nose: transverse process
neck: pars interarticularis (w/ collar: spondylolysis)
ear: superior articular process
body: lamina
tail: spinous process
hind leg: contralateral inferior articular process
front leg: inferior articular process

63
Q

If you have a double dog collar on a transverse CT of a vertebrae–what is that called?

A

spondylolisthesis. here the vertebrae may slip

bilateral spondylolysis

64
Q

What is a common cause of spondylolysis?

A

repeated stress to the spine often from sports, like gymnastics

65
Q

The ligament on the anterior of the body of the vertebrae is called:_______. This limits which action?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

limits extension

66
Q

The ligament on the posterior of the body of the vertebrae is called _______. This limits which action?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

limits flexion

67
Q

T/F Joint capsules are found around interarticular processes & intervertebral joints.

A

TRUE

68
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum? What action does it limit? What type of a ligament is it?

A

It is found sort of opposing the posterior longitudinal ligament (on the other side of the vertebral canal).
attaches b/w the inferior & superior articular processes
limits flexion
**segmental ligament
**elastic ligament

69
Q

Why does a herniated disc usu come out posterolaterally?

A

b/c of the posterior longitudinal ligament protecting the spinal nerve.

70
Q

Where is the interspinous ligament found?

A

Interspinous: b/w the spinous processes

71
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament found?

A

Supraspinous: super posterior, across the tips of the spinous processes

72
Q

The head rotates on its _____. What limits this rotation? Describe the location.

A

Axis, limited by alar ligaments.

Alar ligaments attach the dens of the axis to the occipital bones

73
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cruciate ligament? Which part is the thickest/strongest?

A

transverse (stronges, thickest)
inferior
superior

74
Q

What are the parts of the cruciate ligament covered by posteriorly? What is this a continuation of?

A

covered posteriorly by a tectorial membrane

this is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament

75
Q

What is the transverse portion of the cruciate ligament attached to?

A

attached on either side to the atlas.

76
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have a cruciate ligament?

A

your dens could get shoved backward into your spinal cord. You could die. Bad news.

77
Q

What makes up the intervertebral disc?

A

central core (nucleus pulposis) + outer ring of dense fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosis)

78
Q

What is the nucleus pulpous like? What is it derived from?

A

gelatinous core
95% water
allows for flexibility
derived from the notocord

79
Q

T/F The annulus fibrosis is thicker posteriorly.

A

FALSE It is thinner posteriorly, thicker anteriorly.

80
Q

Why do herniated discs occur?

A

b/c there is excessive pressure put on the disc

81
Q

Where are the most common spots for herniated discs? What do they push out against in this case?

A

Most common: L5-S1 level
2nd most common: L4-L5 level
**past L2 if they aren’t pushing against a spinal nerve posterolaterally they are pushing against the cauda equina

82
Q

When a herniated disc compresses a nerve root, where does it bulge? Which nerve does it compress?

A

it is bulging into the superior aspect of the intervertebral foramen (inferior notch of the higher vertebrae). This means that it is compressing the nerve of the vertebrae below it.

83
Q

If a herniated disc is compressing a nerve in the cervical region: C3-C4…which nerve is it compressing? Why is this?

A

It would be compressing C5?

This is b/c in the cervical region, the nerve comes out above the vertebrae of the same name.

84
Q

If a herniated disc is compressing a nerve in the thoracic region: T6-T7…which nerve is it compressing? Why is this?

A

It would be compressing T7. This is b/c in the thoracic region, the nerves comes out below the vertebrae of the same name.

85
Q

If a herniated disc is compressing a nerve in the lumbar region…L2-L3…which nerve is it compressing? Why is this?

A

L3. b/c in the lumbar region, the nerves come out below the vertebrae of the same name.

86
Q

If a herniated disc is in C6-C7…which nerve is it compressing?

A

C8

87
Q

If a herniated disc is in C7-T1…which nerve is it compressing?

A

T1!

88
Q

T/F Herniated discs can only pinch one nerve at a time.

A

False. Herniated discs can pinch a number of different nerves. If it is large enough, could hit both the nerve root above & below. If the posterior longitudinal ligament wasn’t enough of a barrier, it could hit the spinal cord.

89
Q

T/F As you get lower on the spinal cord, the nerve roots get longer.

A

TRUE.

90
Q

What are the 3 coatings (meninges) around the spinal cord associated w/ the CNS? Outside–inside

A 
Dura Mater
Potential Space--subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Trabeculae
Arachnoid Space-real space w/ CSF
Pia Mater
91
Q

What is the dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord like?

A 
it is tough
highly innervated
CT
blends w/ epineurium of nerve
doesn't blend w/ periosteum (free floating)
arachnoid mater pushed up against it
92
Q

What is the arachnoid mater that surrounds the spinal cord like?

A

the arachnoid is pushed up tightly against the dura…it has trabeculae going to the pia. CSF fills up the arachnoid space.

93
Q

What is the pia mater that surrounds the spinal cord like?

A

it is up against the spinal cord & follows the sulci of the spinal cord

94
Q

What is above the dura mater of the spinal cord?

A

epidural space. filled w/ fat. b/w the vertebrae & the spinal cord

95
Q

What keeps the spinal cord anchored in the middle of the arachnoid space? What other functions does it accomplish?

A 
denticulate ligaments (extension of pia mater)
it also separates the ventral roots from the dorsal roots
96
Q

Where are the autonomic preganglionic neurons found in the spinal cord?

A

in the lateral horn of the grey matter

97
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons come from?

A

they come from T1-L2 in the lateral grey horn.

98
Q

Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons come from?

A

from the cell bodies in the brain stem &

from S2-4

99
Q

What comes into the dorsal grey horn?

A

sensory info

some of this ascending to the brain via surrounding white matter

100
Q

What is the white matter composed of?

A

ascending & descending fibers w/ various tract names

carries various info up to the brain & down from the brain

101
Q

What are the 2 types of losses when you are talking about spinal cord injury?

A

Segmental & Level Losses

102
Q

What is an example of a segmental loss?

A

you damage a dorsal root coming in

you get a loss of sensation in a particular dermatome

103
Q

What is an example of a level loss?

A

If you cut a white tract at a certain level…no sensory info from below that level will reach the brain…also no motor info of the tract from the brain will reach below that cut.

104
Q

How does the concept of spasticity relate to spinal cord injuries?

A

after a spinal cord injury, you are in spinal shock for 2-3 weeks
then your reflexes are stronger b/c there isn’t inhibition descending from the brain to the gamma motor neuron system
Called spasticity.

105
Q

What is the groove on the back of the spinal cord called? On the front of the spinal cord?

A

Back of spinal cord: posterior median sulcus

Front of spinal cord: anterior median fissure

106
Q

What is the gray commisure?

A

a portion of grey matter that connects the 2 wings of the butterfly in the spinal cord & surrounds the central canal

107
Q

What are the 3 parts of the white matter & where are they located?

A

Anterior funiculus: in b/w the wings of the butterfly on the anterior side
Lateral funiculus: on the side of the wing
Posterior funiculus: in b/w the wings of the butterfly on the posterior side

108
Q

What is the inferior tapered end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

109
Q

What are 2 areas of the spinal cord the are enlarged?

A

cervical

lumbosacral

110
Q

@ which level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

111
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

112
Q

What is an epidural block? Where is it usu injected & why?

A

Epidural Block: where anesthesia is injected outside the dural sac & bathes the most caudal spinal nerves
usu done L2-S2: b/c here there is a large subarachnoid space

113
Q

In addition to being a good location for an epidural block, what else is done @ the L2-S2 level?

A

lumbar puncture

spinal anesthesia

114
Q

T/F As you move closer to the cauda equina, each nerve root gets shorter & shorter, making it hard to reach the intervertebral foramen.

A

FALSE. they get longer & longer.
Cervical Region: come straight out
Near the end: have to extend 5 or 6 levels before they come out.

115
Q

What are the 2 branches of the dorsal ramus & what sensations does it communicate?

A 
one branch goes to true back muscles
intrinsic back muscles
Carries:
general sensory
viscero sensory
116
Q

Which root does a herniated disc usu damage? What are the implications of this?

A

usu the ventral root, carries motor info. So, not as noticeable at first as pain. But weaker muscle. If continues with time, could lead to paralysis of that muscle.

117
Q

T/F If you take out a nerve root innervating muscle X…muscle X will be completely flaccid & paralyzed.

A

FALSE b/c remember that muscle X is innervated by a bunch of other nerves too. But it will be weaker.

118
Q

What is a dermatome? T4=? T10=? Back of legs=? Front of legs=?

A 
area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve (cutaneous branch)
T10=periumbilical area
T4=nipple line
Back of legs=sacral nerves
Front of legs=lumbar nerves
119
Q

What is the posterior line that you can see on someone’s lower back?

A

this is the line marking the top of the iliac crest, L4/L5

120
Q

What are the dimples in the back correlated w/?

A

mark the spine @ S2

121
Q

Most extrinsic back muscles = ____ ____ ____. 2 are something else, though. What are they?

A

Extrinsic Back Muscles = Upper Limb Muscles

2 are accessory respiratory muscles

122
Q

Dorsal ramus supplies:

Ventral ramus supplies:

A

Dorsal Ramus: true back muscles

Ventral ramus: extrinsic back muscles

123
Q

What are the upper limb muscles of the extrinsic back muscles?

A 
levator scapulae
trapezius
rhomboid minor (higher)
rhomboid major
Latissimus Dorsi
124
Q

What are the accessory respiratory muscles of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Serratus Posterior Superior

Serratus Posterior Inferior

125
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor extend from?

A

goes from spinous process to medial border of the scapula

126
Q

Which actions do the rhomboids help you to do?

A

shrug your shoulders

retract your scapula

127
Q

The trapezius covers what set of muscles?

A

intrinsic back muscles

128
Q

What are the 3 layers of the intrinsic back muscles & what are they all innervated by?

A 
innervated by dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
Superficial-->Deep:
Spinotransverse
Erector Spinae
Transversospinae
129
Q

The posterior intercostal artery gives off which branches?

A

among others, the posterior radicular artery & anterior medullary artery

130
Q

What does the posterior radicular artery feed into? What does the anterior medullary artery feed into?

A

Posterior radicular artery–>posterior spinal artery

anterior medullary artery–>anterior spinal artery

131
Q

Blood vessels to nerve roots are called:

A

radicular arteries

132
Q

The anterior spinal artery can’t handle the blood flow for the entire anterior spinal cord, so it needs contributions from __________. If this contributing artery gets blocked it is called________.

A

anterior segmental medullary arteries

If blocked: anterior spinal artery syndrome

133
Q

What is the deal with the medullary artery of adamkiewicz?

A

this is the largest segmental medullary artery
it is found somewhere in the T8-L2 region, usu closer to T8.
common site for aortic aneurysm…can create a level loss

134
Q

Why is it possible for prostate cancer to metastasize to the CNS?

A

b/c the vaginal & prostatic venous plexuses communicate w/ the internal vertebral plexuses up the spinal cord & eventually the venous sinuses of the cranial cavity

135
Q

The spinotransverse group is also called the _____ group. What are its muscles? What is the origin & attachment like with these muscles?

A

splenius group
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
**spinous processes–>skull or transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

136
Q

What is the splenius cervicis covered by?

A

serratus posterior superior muscle

137
Q

What is the action of the splenius capitis?

A

extension & rotation of the head.

Rotation: (right muscle contracts, goes to the right side).

138
Q

What is the general location of the erector spinae group? What are their actions? What is the their innervation?

A

alongside the spinal column, oriented vertically
extension MAINLY, also flexion thru eccentric contractions (letting out)
dorsal rami innervate them (true back muscles?)

139
Q

From lateral to medial, what are the muscles of the erector spinae group?

A

Lateral: Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Medial: Spinalis
I like talk guys. I like long spines.

140
Q

As a group, what actions are the transversospinae group involved in? What is their innervation?

A

As a group, involved in rotation
Rotation: flex right side, move to left side
Innervation: dorsal rami

141
Q

What are the muscles of the transversospinae group, & how many vertebrae does each span?

A 
Semispinalis capitis (6-8)
multifidus (3-5)
long rotators (2)
short rotators (1)
142
Q

What is the most powerful extender of the head?

A

semispinalis capitis

143
Q

Which muscle must be removed to get to the sub occipital triangle?

A

splenius capitis

144
Q

What do concentric & eccentric contractions mean?

A

Concentric: shortening
Eccentric: lengthening

145
Q

Which muscles do you have to get thru to get to the sub occipital triangle? Which bones is this triangle associated with?

A

Trapezius
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
Bones: occipital bone, atlas, axis

146
Q

Which muscles make up the sub occipital triangle & what are their relative positions?

A

Base of triangle: inferior oblique
Lateral part of triangle: superior oblique
Medial part of triangle: rectus capitis major
Outside medial part of triangle: rectus capitis minor

147
Q

Which nerve goes thru the triangle & ends at the inferior oblique muscle? What does this innervate? What info does it carry?

A

Greater Occipital Nerve (dorsal ramus, carries sensory)
C2 dermatome innervated
Sensory info

148
Q

Aside from the greater occipital nerve, what else do you see in the sub occipital triangle?

A

motor roots

vertebral artery

149
Q

As a group, what are the muscles of the sub occipital triangle involved in?

A

fine control movements of the head

150
Q

The inferior oblique muscle is involved in what action?

A

Rotation, moves right–>right

151
Q

The superior oblique is involved in what action?

A

Extension

152
Q

The rectus capitis major is involved in what action?

A

extension, plays a role in rotation

153
Q

The rectus capitis minor is involved in what action?

A

extension

Block 4; Week 1-Michelle (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions