ANATOMY - Aorta, Vena Cava and Azygos Vein Flashcards
What are the four main components of the aorta?
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Abdominal aorta
Describe the initial branching of the aortic arch in carnivores and pigs
The brachiocephalic trunk branches from the aortic arch and branches into the left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. The left subclavian artery branches from the aortic arch independently, distal to the brachiocephalic trunk
Describe the initial branching of the aortic arch in horses and ruminants
The brachiocephalic trunk branches from the aortic arch and branches into the left common carotid artery, right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery and left subclavian artery
Where in the body do the common carotid arteries branch into the internal and external carotid arteries?
The common carotid arteries branch into the internal and external carotid arteries just above the larynx
What do the internal and external carotid arteries supply?
Head
Brain
What are the four major arteries branching from the subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery
Costocervical artery
Superficial cervical artery
Internal thoracic artery
Which arteries branch from the vertebral artery as it runs cranio-dorsal?
Basilar artery
Ventral spinal artery
What is supplied by the basilar artery?
Brain
What is supplied by the ventral spinal artery?
Spinal cord
Which arteries branch from the costocervical artery?
Deep cervical artery
First three intercostal arteries
What is supplied by the deep cervical artery?
Dorsal neck muscles
Where do the remaining intercostal arteries branch from?
The remaining intercostal arteries branch directly from the descending aorta
What is supplied by the superficial cervical artery?
Ventral neck muscles
Cranial shoulder
Upper forelimb
Which arteries branch from the internal thoracic artery?
Ventral intercostal arteries
Cranial superficial epigastric arteries
Cranial deep epigastric arteries
(also known as musculophrenic)
Describe the pathway of the internal thoracic artery
The internal thoracic artery travels ventrally along the sternum branching into the ventral intercostal arteries until it travels under the diaphragm and branches into the cranial superficial epigastric arteries and cranial deep epigastric arteries
Which artery supplies arterial blood to the forelimb?
Subclavian artery
Describe the organisation of the forelimb arterial supply
The subclavian artery supplies the forelimb however the name of the artery changes depending on the region of the forelimb it is located. The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery, then the brachial artery, and finally the median artery
Where in the body does does the bronchoesophageal artery branch from the descending aorta?
The bronchoesophageal artery branches from the descending aorta at the level of the fifth intercostal space
What is supplied by the bronchoesophageal artery?
Oesophagus
Lung tissue
Where does the descending aorta penetrate the diaphragm to enter the abdomen?
Aortic hiatus
What are the two classifications of the branches of the abdominal aorta?
Visceral branches
Parietal branches
What are the five visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Coeliac artery
Cranial mesenteric artery
Renal arteries
Ovarian/Testicular arteries
Caudal mesenteric artery
Which four visceral structures are supplied by the coeliac artery?
Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
Cranial duodenum
Which five visceral structures are supplied by the cranial mesenteric artery?
Caudal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Ascending and transverse colon
Which visceral structures are supplied by the renal arteries?
Kidneys
Which structures are supplied by the ovarian/testicular arteries?
Gonads (ovaries or testes)
Which two visceral structures are supplied by the caudal mesenteric artery?
Descending colon
Rectum
What are the five parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?
Phrenico-abdominal arteries
Deep circumflex iliac arteries
External iliac arteries
Internal iliac arteries
Median sacral artery
And lumbar arteries
Which arteries branch from the phrenico-abdominal arteries?
Caudal phrenic arteries
Cranial abdominal arteries
Which structure is supplied by the caudal phrenic arteries?
Diaphragm
Which structure is supplied by the cranial abdominal arteries?
Abdominal wall
Which structures are supplied by the deep circumflex iliac arteries?
Abdominal wall
Flank
Cranial thigh
Which arteries branch from the external iliac arteries?
Femoral arteries
Pudendoepigastric trunk
Which structure is supplied by the femoral arteries?
Hindlimb
Which artery branches from the pudendoepigastric trunk?
External pudendal arteries
Which structures are supplied by the external pudendal arteries?
Mammary glands
Which arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries?
Gluteal arteries
Internal pudendal arteries
Which structure is supplied by the gluteal arteries?
Hindlimb
Which structures are supplied by the internal pudendal arteries?
Pelvic viscera
Which structure is supplied by the median sacral artery?
Tail
Which two veins fuse to form the external jugular veins?
Maxillary veins
Lingofacial veins
How is the cranial vena cava formed through the fusion of other veins in carnivores?
In carnivores, the external jugular veins fuse with the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins which fuse at the thoracic inlet to form the cranial vena cava
How is the cranial vena cava formed through the fusion of other veins in horses and ruminants?
In horses and ruminants, the external jugular veins fuse to form the bi-jugular trunk. The subclavian veins will fuse with the bi-jugular trunk within the thoracic cavity to form the cranial vena cava
Which veins carry out venous drainage of the forelimb?
Subclavian veins
Cephalic veins
Which veins do the cephalic veins drain into?
External jugular veins
Which veins fuse to form the caudal vena cava?
External iliac veins
Internal iliac veins
Which four veins drain into the caudal vena cava?
Deep circumflex iliac veins
Renal veins
Ovarian/testicular veins
Hepatic vein (to drain hepatic portal system)
Where does the caudal vena cava penetrate the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity to drain into the right atrium?
Caval foramina
(T/F) All domestic species have a left and right azygos vein
FALSE. Most domestic species only have a right azygos vein however ruminants and pigs have both a left and right azygos veins
What are the two possible drainage routes for the right azygos vein?
The right azygos vein can either drain into the cranial vena cava or drain directly into the right atrium
Which structure does the left azygos vein drain into?
Coronary sinus
