Anatomy Animal Flashcards
. Rostral
Toward the nose
Caudal
Toward the tail
Transverse plane
A pleno that divides the craneal porción from the caudal porción or proximal from the distal porción there can be an infinitesimal number of transverse plane.
Cranial
Toward the head
Dorsal plane
Plane that divided the dorsal part from the ventral part
Ventral
Toward the vely or floor
Dorsal
Toward the back
The pelvic limb phalanges (toes) are (what direction) __________________________ from the hock (ankle).
Distal
An animal is said to be in _________________________ recumbency when lying on its back with the feet towards the ceiling.
Dorsal
An animal is said to be in _________________________ recumbency when its sternum is touching the exam table.
Sternal recumbency
This element is the primary component of organic molecules.
Carbon
A catalyst protein that speeds up a chemical reaction within the body is called:
a. ion
Anzyme
Energy created by the breakdown of monosaccharides is stored in a molecule called:
Adenosine thiphosphate
__ is 10 to 20 times higher inside the cell, and _______ is 10 to 20 times higher outside the cell.
Potassium and sodium
The product of cellular respiration, which acts as the energy currency of the cell, is called____
ATP
The passive movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one is called___________________________.
Ósmosis
The movement of molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called_________________________________.
Diffusion
Positively charged ions are called __________________ and negatively charged ions are called __________________.
Cation and anions
Name the four primary tissue types found in the body.
Epithelial, connective , muscle, nervous
The serous membrane that lines the outer surface of the organs is called the ___________________ layer
and the membrane that lines the cavity wall is called the _________________________ layer.
Visceral layer parietal layer
Functions of epithelial cells include:
Secreción or excretion bio chemical substances
Filtring biochemica sustances
Providing sensor input
Name the type of cartilage found in the pinnae and epiglottis of animals:
Elastic cartilage
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell that is iplaced in a fluid that is hypotonic (osmolality that is less than that of blood).
The red blood It would swell by ósmosis until the cell membrane integrista is lost and it brakes open so it would rupture
List the 5 regions of vertebral column in order starting from the cranial.
Cervical vertebrae, Lumbar, thoracic, sacrum and coccygeal
The spinal cord exits the skull through the forame magnum found in the occipital bone
Yes
The mandíbulas symphysys is ( what directional term) to incisive bone( premaxila)
It is looking for ventral
Which of the following is a characteristic of cancellous bone
It is colled spongy bone bc it is comprensible and not strong.
Intramembranous bone formación occurs
In certain skull bones
Which cell secretes bone matrix and is found in the inner layer of periosteum and the endosteum?
The cell is the osteoblast
Growth from epiphyseal plates is responsible for increasing the diameter of long bone?
T or F = F
Identify the 2 hormones responsable for calcium homeostasis in the body
Calcitonin and parathyroid Hormone ( PTH)
Yellow bone marrow can revert to red bone marrow?
True
Name of one bone found in the viceral skeleton
In dog os penis
Os cordi ruminant and OS rostri in pigs
Which of following activities requires energy expenditure?
Active transport
This plane divides the body into equal right and left halves
Median or midsagittal
This type of membrane lines the inside (exposed surface ) of respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracks
Mucous
The pelvic symphysis is an example of a synovial join?
False
When deporting and animal this structure must be destroyed to prevent further growth
Corium
Chestnust are usually buried the long caudal hairs of the fetlock?
That is true
Aprocrine sweat glands empty into hair follicle as opposed to directly into the skin?
True
A hole in bone is called a
Foramen bone
Name one of the 3 types of specialized connective tissue
Cartilage, blood or bone
The integument
Chapter 6
which layer of skin provides to the epidermis
dermis
this layer consist of a single layer of keratocytes which are firmly attached to the epthelialst
stratum germinativum
approximately 80% of the dermis consist of this tissue dense irregular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
these glands are found in the paw pads of many animals
eccrine sweat glands
these hairs have a large blood sinus in the connective tissue portion of the follicle
whiskers
sebaceous glands of sheep produce this substance
lanolin
the following is true about apocrine glands
they empty into hair follicles
in the cow pig and sheep the lateral dewclaw represents this bone
fifth digit
the corium of the claw and hoof is characterized by
a rich supply of nerves and blood vessels
on the underside of the hoof this horny structure is located between the heels
frog
in adult horned animals the horn is hollow and communicates directly with the
frontal sinus
when dehorning and animal this structure must be destroyed on the horn to prevent further
corium
the apex of the horn is stronger and denser than the base?
true
3 types of muscle
Skeletal- voluntary
Smooth- involuntary
Cardiac- involuntary
Six types of epithelial tissue
squamous, columnar, cuboidal, pseudostratified, transitional, glandular
List the cell types that comprise the epidermis and describe the function of each cell types
Epidermis: avascular, is a kerantinized sheet of stratified squamous epithelium.
Cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile. The layers from deep to superficial are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.
Anatomy
Study of form and structure of the body and its parts
Physiology
The functions of the body and its parts
What type of cartilage is found in joints?
Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Is the most common type of cartilage
Composes most of the embryonic skeleton – lays the “groundwork” for bone formation
What type of cartilage is found in the pinnae?
Elastic Cartilage
The Elastic cartilage is found
Is found in epiglotti of larynx and in the pinnae of ear of animals.
Name the other two types of specialized connective tissues.
Bone and Blood
Bone are made
Is the hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue
Blood
Matrix, Ground substance - plasma
Small amounts of protein
Erythrocytes
are Red blood cells
Leukocyte
that is white blood cells
What is a type of loose connective and acts as a thermal insulator?
ADIPOSE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
prevents heat loss from the body.
Name 3 functions of bone
Support, protection and leavers
Name of 2 type of bone
Spongy ( cancellous) compact bone
What is the hardest substance in the body?
The Enamel
What is the of the cells that form bone
Endochondral bone formation
Intramembranous bone formation
The epipseal plate is also known as the growth plate?
True
Another name for the shaft of long bone is
Diaphysi
Name two types of synovial joints?
Hinge joins Gliding joints
Name the two types of bone marrow
Red none marrow
Yellow bone marrow
The spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone is colled a condyle
False. End in the Spinal of scapula
What is the name for the type of bone that are shaped like cube?
Short bones
What type of bone is a femur
Long bone
Bone of The skeleton are divided intro 3 categories
Axial skeleton
appencula skeleton
visceral skeleton
What’s the anatomical name of tibia bone
Tibia
List the bone of the thoracic limb starting from the most proximal
Scapula, humerus, radius ulnar, carpal bone , metacarpus ( proximal, middle and distal phalanges
What 3 bones make up the Os coxae
Ilium ischium and pubis
Which joints contain hyaline cartilage
Synovial joint
The mandible is connected to the rest of the skull by this type of joint
Synovial joint
Name of one sesamiod bone
The patella
List the 4 bone shape and give a bone that is an example of each
Long bone: tibia bone
Short bone: tarsal bone
Flat bone: scapula
Irregular bone: sacrum
Name the five functions of bone
Support , protection, movement
Blood cell formation
Storage
What are the 3 cell types that make up bone. What does each do?
Osteoblasts- cells that form bone; they are responsible for bone growth
Osteocytes are natural bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. They act as a stress
sensor and occupy the lacunae.
Osteoclasts – cells that are necessary for bone remodeling. Osteoclast withdraws calcium
from the bone when needed to raise calcium levels in the bloodstream
Name the two mechanisms of bone formation.
Endochondral bone formation (cartilage) Bone grows into or replaces a cartilage model
and is essential during fetal development.
Intramembranous bone formation Only occurs in certain skull Bone. Also, it is an essential process during fetal development.
Explain the difference between the periosteum and the endosteum.
periosteum is a
membrane that covers the external surface of the bones. In contrast, endosteum is a
membrane as well but covers lines of internal surface of the bones.
What hormone removes calcium from the bones when blood calcium levels are low in an effort to prevent hypocalcemia?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the role of Volkmann’s canals?
The role of Volkmann’s canals is to give nutrients to the osteocytes in the Harversian
System.
What is a Lacuna?
Is a small space or cavity that contains an osteocyte in bone.
