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PE RED BOOK > Anatomy and Physiology Unit > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Name your skeleton from top to bottom

A 
Cranium
Scapula
humerus
sternum
ribs
radius
ulna
vertebra
pelvis
femur
tibia
fibula
talus
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2
Q

Name your muscles from top to bottom (front of body)

A 
Deltoid
pectoral majors
biceps
abdominal
hip flexor
quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
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3
Q

Name your muscles from top to bottom (back of body)

A 
Rotator Cuffs
Triceps
Latissimus Doris
Glueteals
Hmastring
Gastronimius
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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscles

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5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

link bone to bone

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6
Q

What do tendons do?

A

tie muscle to bone

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7
Q

What is a voluntary muscle?

A

Moves when you want it to

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8
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A

A muscle which always works, which always contacts and relaxes to move blood around the body and is involuntary

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9
Q

What is a smooth muscle

A

An involuntary Muscle that works to pusch food down , these are the intestines, stomach and bladder

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Mineral storage
Structure
Blood Production
Support
Protection
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11
Q

What are they key elements of the structure of the skeleton/

A

-To allow movement at a joint
-Shape and type of bones determine types of movement_ gross or fine depending on the muscle length
Flat bones to protect vital organs
-Joints allow different types of movement at different joints
-Point of attachment for muscles

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12
Q

What are the main parts of a senovial joint?

A 
Femur
Ligament
Cartilage
Captsual
Bursae
Senovial Fluid
Senovial membrane
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13
Q

What is the use of the bursae in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Reduces friction between bones and muscles

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14
Q

What is the use of the captsual in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Holds all the senovial fluid and keeps everything in place

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15
Q

What is the use of the Cartialge in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Reduces friction and prevents damage

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16
Q

What are the types of Joints?

A

Ball and Socket

Hinge

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17
Q

Give examples of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder

Hip

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18
Q

Give examples of a hinge joint

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

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19
Q

Which bones articulate the shoulder, what type of socket is it and what movement occurs?

A

Ball and Socket
Humerus and Scapula
ROTATION- adution and abduction

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20
Q

Which bones articulate the hip , what type of socket is it and what movement occurs?

A

femur and pelvis

rotation- adduction and abduction

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21
Q

What movement occurs at a hinge joint

A

Flextion and Extension

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22
Q

What is the rhyme to remember the lever systems?

A

123 FLE

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23
Q

Lever System- F?

A

Fulcrom/joint

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24
Q

Lever System- E

A

Effort/Muscle

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25
Lever System- L
Load/resistance
26
Lever System 1 example?
Throw On | Leg press
27
Lver System 2 example
Calfe raises
28
Lever sytsem 3 example
Bicep Curl | Sit ups
29
What is mechanical advantage and how do you calculate it
It measures the efficiency of the lever | Calcuate- Output Force over input force
30
What are the mechanical advantages of lever system 1 and 3?
Has a load arm longer than the effort arm Low mechanical advantage allows a larger movement
31
What is are the mechanical advanatges of lever system 2
Has and effort arm longer than the load arm can lift a heavy load permits large force to be applied calf raise
32
What are the only things muscles can do?
Pull
33
Whats an agnostic pair
a pair of muscles which force eathcother to move
34
Whats an agnostic muscle
The primary mover which makes the other muscle move
35
What is an antagonistic muscle?
Secondary mover, reverses the move
36
what is a concentric contraction?
A contraction where the muscle length gets shorter
37
Whats a Ecentric contraction
A muscle that gets longer to control downwards movement
38
What is a saggital plane and transverse axis?
Forwards and backwards movement, direction flexion and extension
39
What is a frontal plane and saggital axis?
Sideways movements, direction for adduction and abduction
40
What is a transverse plane and longitudinal axis
Rotating movements, directions for rotations and spins
41
Deltoid
Causes flexion at the shoulder
42
Latissmus dorsi
Causing extension at the shoulder
43
Biceps
causing flexion at the elbow
44
Triceps
Causing extension at the elbow
45
Hamstrings
Group of muscles causing flexion at the knee
46
Quadriceps
Group of muscles causing extension at the knee
47
Hip flexors
Agonist muscle at hip during flexion
48
What is the role of a ligament
Links bone to bone
49
What is the role of the tendon?
Attaches muscles to bone
50
Support
-Bones keep us up right and our organs in the correct place
51
Protection
-some bones surround and protect the vital organs from damage
52
Long bones
In the legs and arms, support the weight of the body and help movements
53
Movement
Muscles contract to pull bones of the skeleton
54
Red blood cells
Carry O2 to muscles
55
White blood cells
Fight infections
56
Joints
place where 2 or more bones meet
57
Synovial Joint
type of commonly found in limbs, contains synovial membrane
58
Synovial Membrane
Contained in the synovial joint, produces synovial fluid
59
Synovial Fluid
Produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint.
60
Capsule
Tough fibrous tissue, surrounds synovial joints, usually supported by ligaments.
61
Dislocation
When the bones of joints separate from normal position.
62
Bursae
Fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in joint.
63
Hinge Joint
Join that allows flexion and extension.
64
Flexion
Movement where angle between bones reduces.
65
Extension
Movement where angle between bones increases.
66
Vertebrate
Bones that form the spine or backbone.
67
Ball and Socket
Joint that allows many movements – flexion and extension, abductions, adduction and rotation.
68
Range of Movement
A measure of the flexibility of the joint in terms of different movements allowed.
69
Abduction
Taking limbs away from the body.
70
Adduction
Moving limbs towards the body.
71
Rotation
Turning a limb along its long axis.
72
Meniscus
Cartilage acting as a shock absorbed between the tibia and femur in the leg.
73
cruciate ligament
Attaches the tibia to the femur in the knee joint.
74
Plantar Flexion
Movement at ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground.
75
Dorsi Flexion
Movement at ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee.
76
Isotonic
Muscle action where the muscle length changes length
77
Isometric
muscle action where the muscle length stays the same
78
What is vasoconstriction?
Reducing the diameter of the small arteries to reduce blood flow to muscle tissue
79
What is vasodilation?
Increasing diameter of the small arteries to increase blood flow to muscle tissue
80
How are arteries adapted?
- Elastic, can change diameter according to the preassure of blood flowing through - Have muscular to adjust the diameter of the walls
81
How do arteries maintain high blood preassure?
Recoiling and narrowing at rest
82
How are the capiliaries adapted to their job?
-Thin walled for gaseous exchange to be more efficent and easier
83
How are veins adapted to their job?
- Thin walls, to maintain a low blood preassure than arteries - Have valves to prevent back wash of blood
84
How does inspiration work?
Contraction of pectorals and sternochleidmasteroid creating larger chest cavity allowing more air to reach the lungs
85
How does expiration work?
Abdominals contract to speed up the process of expiration as it forces air out
86
Tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled in a normal breath
87
Inspiritaory reserve volume
Amount inhaled during a deep breath
88
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out
89
Residual volume
Amount of air left in the lungs following maximum expiration
90
Full process of expiration
- Muscles relax creating less room in the chest cavity - Diaghrpam relaxes - Intercostal muscles relax - Abdominals contract to force air out of body - Increased pressure leads to air diffusing into atmosphere
91
Full process of expiration
- Increased volume in chest cavity - Muscles contract creating more room in chest cavity - diagphram flattens/ contracts - intercostal muscles rise - Air passes from high presure outside to low pressure inside
92
What is the path of air during inspiration?
- Nose/Mouth - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli
93
What is the role of cilia in the trachea ?
Catches particles of dust and removes it by coughing
94
Atrium
Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from veins.
95
ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart, pumps blood out of the heart to arteries.
96
Systole
Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
97
Diastole
Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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