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PE RED BOOK > Anatomy and Physiology Unit > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Name your skeleton from top to bottom

A 
Cranium
Scapula
humerus
sternum
ribs
radius
ulna
vertebra
pelvis
femur
tibia
fibula
talus
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2
Q

Name your muscles from top to bottom (front of body)

A 
Deltoid
pectoral majors
biceps
abdominal
hip flexor
quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
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3
Q

Name your muscles from top to bottom (back of body)

A 
Rotator Cuffs
Triceps
Latissimus Doris
Glueteals
Hmastring
Gastronimius
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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscles

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5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

link bone to bone

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6
Q

What do tendons do?

A

tie muscle to bone

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7
Q

What is a voluntary muscle?

A

Moves when you want it to

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8
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A

A muscle which always works, which always contacts and relaxes to move blood around the body and is involuntary

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9
Q

What is a smooth muscle

A

An involuntary Muscle that works to pusch food down , these are the intestines, stomach and bladder

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Mineral storage
Structure
Blood Production
Support
Protection
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11
Q

What are they key elements of the structure of the skeleton/

A

-To allow movement at a joint
-Shape and type of bones determine types of movement_ gross or fine depending on the muscle length
Flat bones to protect vital organs
-Joints allow different types of movement at different joints
-Point of attachment for muscles

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12
Q

What are the main parts of a senovial joint?

A 
Femur
Ligament
Cartilage
Captsual
Bursae
Senovial Fluid
Senovial membrane
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13
Q

What is the use of the bursae in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Reduces friction between bones and muscles

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14
Q

What is the use of the captsual in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Holds all the senovial fluid and keeps everything in place

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15
Q

What is the use of the Cartialge in the senovial (knee) joint?

A

Reduces friction and prevents damage

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16
Q

What are the types of Joints?

A

Ball and Socket

Hinge

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17
Q

Give examples of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder

Hip

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18
Q

Give examples of a hinge joint

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

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19
Q

Which bones articulate the shoulder, what type of socket is it and what movement occurs?

A

Ball and Socket
Humerus and Scapula
ROTATION- adution and abduction

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20
Q

Which bones articulate the hip , what type of socket is it and what movement occurs?

A

femur and pelvis

rotation- adduction and abduction

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21
Q

What movement occurs at a hinge joint

A

Flextion and Extension

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22
Q

What is the rhyme to remember the lever systems?

A

123 FLE

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23
Q

Lever System- F?

A

Fulcrom/joint

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24
Q

Lever System- E

A

Effort/Muscle

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25
Q

Lever System- L

A

Load/resistance

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26
Q

Lever System 1 example?

A

Throw On

Leg press

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27
Q

Lver System 2 example

A

Calfe raises

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28
Q

Lever sytsem 3 example

A

Bicep Curl

Sit ups

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29
Q

What is mechanical advantage and how do you calculate it

A

It measures the efficiency of the lever

Calcuate- Output Force over input force

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30
Q

What are the mechanical advantages of lever system 1 and 3?

A

Has a load arm longer than the effort arm
Low mechanical advantage
allows a larger movement

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31
Q

What is are the mechanical advanatges of lever system 2

A

Has and effort arm longer than the load arm
can lift a heavy load
permits large force to be applied
calf raise

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32
Q

What are the only things muscles can do?

A

Pull

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33
Q

Whats an agnostic pair

A

a pair of muscles which force eathcother to move

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34
Q

Whats an agnostic muscle

A

The primary mover which makes the other muscle move

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35
Q

What is an antagonistic muscle?

A

Secondary mover, reverses the move

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36
Q

what is a concentric contraction?

A

A contraction where the muscle length gets shorter

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37
Q

Whats a Ecentric contraction

A

A muscle that gets longer to control downwards movement

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38
Q

What is a saggital plane and transverse axis?

A

Forwards and backwards movement, direction flexion and extension

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39
Q

What is a frontal plane and saggital axis?

A

Sideways movements, direction for adduction and abduction

40
Q

What is a transverse plane and longitudinal axis

A

Rotating movements, directions for rotations and spins

41
Q

Deltoid

A

Causes flexion at the shoulder

42
Q

Latissmus dorsi

A

Causing extension at the shoulder

43
Q

Biceps

A

causing flexion at the elbow

44
Q

Triceps

A

Causing extension at the elbow

45
Q

Hamstrings

A

Group of muscles causing flexion at the knee

46
Q

Quadriceps

A

Group of muscles causing extension at the knee

47
Q

Hip flexors

A

Agonist muscle at hip during flexion

48
Q

What is the role of a ligament

A

Links bone to bone

49
Q

What is the role of the tendon?

A

Attaches muscles to bone

50
Q

Support

A

-Bones keep us up right and our organs in the correct place

51
Q

Protection

A

-some bones surround and protect the vital organs from damage

52
Q

Long bones

A

In the legs and arms, support the weight of the body and help movements

53
Q

Movement

A

Muscles contract to pull bones of the skeleton

54
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry O2 to muscles

55
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight infections

56
Q

Joints

A

place where 2 or more bones meet

57
Q

Synovial Joint

A

type of commonly found in limbs, contains synovial membrane

58
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Contained in the synovial joint, produces synovial fluid

59
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint.

60
Q

Capsule

A

Tough fibrous tissue, surrounds synovial joints, usually supported by ligaments.

61
Q

Dislocation

A

When the bones of joints separate from normal position.

62
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in joint.

63
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Join that allows flexion and extension.

64
Q

Flexion

A

Movement where angle between bones reduces.

65
Q

Extension

A

Movement where angle between bones increases.

66
Q

Vertebrate

A

Bones that form the spine or backbone.

67
Q

Ball and Socket

A

Joint that allows many movements – flexion and extension, abductions, adduction and rotation.

68
Q

Range of Movement

A

A measure of the flexibility of the joint in terms of different movements allowed.

69
Q

Abduction

A

Taking limbs away from the body.

70
Q

Adduction

A

Moving limbs towards the body.

71
Q

Rotation

A

Turning a limb along its long axis.

72
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage acting as a shock absorbed between the tibia and femur in the leg.

73
Q

cruciate ligament

A

Attaches the tibia to the femur in the knee joint.

74
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Movement at ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground.

75
Q

Dorsi Flexion

A

Movement at ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee.

76
Q

Isotonic

A

Muscle action where the muscle length changes length

77
Q

Isometric

A

muscle action where the muscle length stays the same

78
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Reducing the diameter of the small arteries to reduce blood flow to muscle tissue

79
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Increasing diameter of the small arteries to increase blood flow to muscle tissue

80
Q

How are arteries adapted?

A
  • Elastic, can change diameter according to the preassure of blood flowing through
  • Have muscular to adjust the diameter of the walls
81
Q

How do arteries maintain high blood preassure?

A

Recoiling and narrowing at rest

82
Q

How are the capiliaries adapted to their job?

A

-Thin walled for gaseous exchange to be more efficent and easier

83
Q

How are veins adapted to their job?

A
  • Thin walls, to maintain a low blood preassure than arteries
  • Have valves to prevent back wash of blood
84
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

Contraction of pectorals and sternochleidmasteroid creating larger chest cavity allowing more air to reach the lungs

85
Q

How does expiration work?

A

Abdominals contract to speed up the process of expiration as it forces air out

86
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air inhaled in a normal breath

87
Q

Inspiritaory reserve volume

A

Amount inhaled during a deep breath

88
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out

89
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air left in the lungs following maximum expiration

90
Q

Full process of expiration

A
  • Muscles relax creating less room in the chest cavity
  • Diaghrpam relaxes
  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • Abdominals contract to force air out of body
  • Increased pressure leads to air diffusing into atmosphere
91
Q

Full process of expiration

A
  • Increased volume in chest cavity
  • Muscles contract creating more room in chest cavity
  • diagphram flattens/ contracts
  • intercostal muscles rise
  • Air passes from high presure outside to low pressure inside
92
Q

What is the path of air during inspiration?

A
  • Nose/Mouth
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
93
Q

What is the role of cilia in the trachea ?

A

Catches particles of dust and removes it by coughing

94
Q

Atrium

A

Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from veins.

95
Q

ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart, pumps blood out of the heart to arteries.

96
Q

Systole

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

97
Q

Diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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