Anatomy and Physiology (science olympiad) Flashcards
This is also for science olympiad because *anatomy* don't mind this
Bone marrow
The soft, spongy tissue that is found in the center of bones. It produces red blood cells.
Axillary lymph nodes
Lymph nodes in the armpits.
Inguinal lymph nodes
Lymph nodes that are…. down under
Cervical lymph nodes
Lymph nodes in the neck area
Appendix
A sac attached to the bottom end of the large intestine. It stores certain types of healthy gut bacteria.
Thymus gland
An organ that lies under the breastbone in the upper chest. It trains white blood cells and then they get transported to the bloodstream.
Skin
Blocks bacteria from entering the body, secretes fluids to keep away bacteria.
Sebum
Unsaturated fatty acids, creates a protective film over the skin
Epidermis
First layer of skin
Dermis
Second layer of skin
Hypodermis
Third layer of skin
Epidermis (function)
Determines color of skin, keeps the skin hydrated, produces new cells
Dermis (function)
Supports the skin, helps with sensation (touch), helps with thermoregulation (ability to keep body temp. in a certain range)
Hypodermis (function)
Stores energy, insulates body, connects the dermis to muscles and bones
Vibrissae (nose hairs)
Filters the air that enters the body from dust and other pollutants
Cilla
Lines the lungs, traps and removes foreign substances by sweeping them into the throat
Gastric juice (stomach)
Highly acidic, kills bacteria in the stomach
Symbiotic bacteria
Found in the digestive track and down under (female), lets out toxins that kills/damages harmful bacteria
Urine
Flushes pollutants out of the urethra (the tube where urine leaves the body)
Bowel movement
Lets the body get rid of waste
Vomiting
Gets rid of possible toxins or poisons by throwing it up before it can be digested
MAST cells
Contain and release histamine (when stimulated) to dilate blood vessels, making it easier for white blood cells to consume the intruder
NK cells (natural killer cells)
Attack pathogen-infected cells by releasing toxic particles/granules
Dendritic cells
Present antigens to lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) in order to activate them
Interferons
Secreted by cells invaded by a virus, activate neighboring cells to produce proteins that fight the virus
Chemokines
Lead cells to where they are needed
Fevers
Increase the body temperature in order to: make it harder for viruses to reproduce, increase the rate that tissue can be repaired, and help certain types of immune cells function better
The inflammatory response
Damaged cells release chemokines, MAST cells get attracted to them and begin to release histamine, the histamine makes it easy for phagocytes to come and consume the virus
Opsonins
Act as an indicator, bind to cells that become flagged to be eaten by phagocytes (phagocytosis)
Thymus
Stores immature lymphocytes and is the site off T cell maturation
Spleen
Filters and stores red and white blood cells (and platelets), recycles red blood cells, fights some bacteria like meningitis and pneumonia
Tonsils
Help produce T cells, don’t have a particular function, are commonly removed due to inflammation
Lymph nodes
Oval shaped filters placed throughout lymphatic vessels (there are hundreds)
Lymph (lymphatic fluid)
Flows through lymphatic vessels, carries bacteria to lymph nodes (bacteria is later destroyed by leukocytes), transports fats coming from the digestive system
Lymph system (purpose)
To transport white blood cells and remove interstitial fluid (fluid found in the space between cells)
Lymph nodes (function)
Filter substances that travel through the lymph, help fight infection
