Anatomy and Physiology (science olympiad) Flashcards

This is also for science olympiad because *anatomy* don't mind this

1
Q

Bone marrow

A

The soft, spongy tissue that is found in the center of bones. It produces red blood cells.

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2
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the armpits.

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3
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes that are…. down under

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4
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes in the neck area

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5
Q

Appendix

A

A sac attached to the bottom end of the large intestine. It stores certain types of healthy gut bacteria.

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6
Q

Thymus gland

A

An organ that lies under the breastbone in the upper chest. It trains white blood cells and then they get transported to the bloodstream.

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7
Q

Skin

A

Blocks bacteria from entering the body, secretes fluids to keep away bacteria.

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8
Q

Sebum

A

Unsaturated fatty acids, creates a protective film over the skin

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9
Q

Epidermis

A

First layer of skin

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10
Q

Dermis

A

Second layer of skin

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11
Q

Hypodermis

A

Third layer of skin

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12
Q

Epidermis (function)

A

Determines color of skin, keeps the skin hydrated, produces new cells

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13
Q

Dermis (function)

A

Supports the skin, helps with sensation (touch), helps with thermoregulation (ability to keep body temp. in a certain range)

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14
Q

Hypodermis (function)

A

Stores energy, insulates body, connects the dermis to muscles and bones

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15
Q

Vibrissae (nose hairs)

A

Filters the air that enters the body from dust and other pollutants

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16
Q

Cilla

A

Lines the lungs, traps and removes foreign substances by sweeping them into the throat

17
Q

Gastric juice (stomach)

A

Highly acidic, kills bacteria in the stomach

18
Q

Symbiotic bacteria

A

Found in the digestive track and down under (female), lets out toxins that kills/damages harmful bacteria

19
Q

Urine

A

Flushes pollutants out of the urethra (the tube where urine leaves the body)

20
Q

Bowel movement

A

Lets the body get rid of waste

21
Q

Vomiting

A

Gets rid of possible toxins or poisons by throwing it up before it can be digested

22
Q

MAST cells

A

Contain and release histamine (when stimulated) to dilate blood vessels, making it easier for white blood cells to consume the intruder

23
Q

NK cells (natural killer cells)

A

Attack pathogen-infected cells by releasing toxic particles/granules

24
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Present antigens to lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) in order to activate them

25
Q

Interferons

A

Secreted by cells invaded by a virus, activate neighboring cells to produce proteins that fight the virus

26
Q

Chemokines

A

Lead cells to where they are needed

27
Q

Fevers

A

Increase the body temperature in order to: make it harder for viruses to reproduce, increase the rate that tissue can be repaired, and help certain types of immune cells function better

28
Q

The inflammatory response

A

Damaged cells release chemokines, MAST cells get attracted to them and begin to release histamine, the histamine makes it easy for phagocytes to come and consume the virus

29
Q

Opsonins

A

Act as an indicator, bind to cells that become flagged to be eaten by phagocytes (phagocytosis)

30
Q

Thymus

A

Stores immature lymphocytes and is the site off T cell maturation

31
Q

Spleen

A

Filters and stores red and white blood cells (and platelets), recycles red blood cells, fights some bacteria like meningitis and pneumonia

32
Q

Tonsils

A

Help produce T cells, don’t have a particular function, are commonly removed due to inflammation

33
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Oval shaped filters placed throughout lymphatic vessels (there are hundreds)

34
Q

Lymph (lymphatic fluid)

A

Flows through lymphatic vessels, carries bacteria to lymph nodes (bacteria is later destroyed by leukocytes), transports fats coming from the digestive system

35
Q

Lymph system (purpose)

A

To transport white blood cells and remove interstitial fluid (fluid found in the space between cells)

36
Q

Lymph nodes (function)

A

Filter substances that travel through the lymph, help fight infection