Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Convolutions of gray matter composed of gyri (crests) and sulci (fissures)
A
Cerebral Hemispheres (Telencephalon)
2
Q
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
A
Lateral central fissure (Fissure of Sylvius)
3
Q
Separates the two cerebral hemispheres
A
Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
4
Q
Separates the Frontal lobe from the Parietal lobe
A
Central Sulcus
5
Q
What are the 6 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
A
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Limbic Lobe
- Insular Lobe
6
Q
Primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation
A
Frontal Lobe - Precentral Gyrus
7
Q
This region controls emotions and judgements
A
Frontal Lobe - Prefrontal Cortex
8
Q
This region controls motor aspects of speech
A
Frontal Lobe - Broca’s area
9
Q
This region is the primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation.
A
Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus
10
Q
This region receives fibers conveying touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature sensations from the opposite side of the body.
A
Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus
11
Q
This region receives and processes auditory stimuli
A
Temporal Lobe - Primary Auditory Cortex
12
Q
this region processes auditory stimuli
A
Temporal Lobe - Associative Auditory Cortex
13
Q
This area is responsible for Language Comprehension
A
Temporal Lobe - Wenicke’s area
14
Q
This region receives and processes visual stimuli
A
Occipital Lobe - Primary Visual Cortex
15
Q
This region processes visual stimuli
A
Occipital Lobe - Visual Association Cortex
16
Q
This region is deep within the lateral sulcus, and is associated with visceral functions.
A
Insula
17
Q
This region consists of the limbic lobe, hipocampal formation, amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus, and anterior nucleus of thalamus
A
Limbic System
18
Q
The Limbic system is comprised of what regions?
A
- Limbic Lobe
- Hippocampal Formation
- Amygdaloid Nucleus
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus
19
Q
This is phylogenetically the oldest part of the brain
A
Limbic System
20
Q
This region of the brain is concerned with instincts and emotions contributing to preservation of the individual
A
Limbic System
21
Q
What are the 4 basic functions of the limbic system?
A
- Feeding
- Aggression
- Emotions
- Endocrine Aspects of Sexual Response
22
Q
These are myelinated nerve fibers located centrally within the brain.
A
White Matter
23
Q
These fibers interconnect the two hemispheres, including the corpus callosum (largest region), anterior commissure, and hippocampal commissure.
A
Transverse Commissural Fibers
24
Q
These fibers connect cerebral hemispheres with other portions of the brain and spinal cord
A
Projection Fibers
25
These fibers connect different portions of the cerebral hemispheres, allowing cortex to function as an integrated whole.
Association Fibers
26
___________ is a collection of masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemisphers
Basal Ganglia
27
What are the internal structures of the Basal Ganglia? (4)
1. Striatum (Caudate Nucleus, Nucleus Accumebens, Putamen)
2. Globus Pallidus (External/Internal Segments)
3. Sub-thalamic Nucleus
4. Substantia Nigra (Compact and Reticular Parts)
28
The term Lenticular Nucleus refers to the ___________ and ___________
1. Putamen
| 2. Globus Pallidus
29
The Basal Ganglia forms an associated motor system (extrapyramidal cells) with other nuclei in the ___________ and the ___________
1. Sub-thalamus
| 2. Midbrain
30
Multiple circuits exist in the basal ganglia, what are the 3 main ones?
1. Oculomotor Circuit (Caudate Loop)
2. Motor Loop (Putamen Loop)
3. Limbic Circuit
31
This circuit in the basal ganglia originates in the frontal and supplementary motor eye fields.
Oculomotor Circuit (Caudate Loop)
32
This circuit in the basal ganglia functions with saccadic eye movements
Oculomotor Circuit (Caudate Loop)
33
This circuit in the basal ganglia originates in the precentral motor and postcentral somatosensory areas.
Motor Loop (Putamen Loop)
34
What is the function of the Motor Loop (Putamen Loop) in the basal Ganglia?
1. Excits putamen neurons
2. Putamen cells inhibit Globus Pallidus neurons
3. Boosts activity in the ventral lateral nucleus and supplementary motor area
4. Functions to scale amplitude and velocity of movements
5. Reinforces selected pattern
6. Suppresses conflicting patterns
7. Preparatory for movement (i.e. motor set, anticipatory movement)
35
This circuit in the basal ganglia originates in the prefrontal and limbic areas of the cortex, to the basal ganglia, to the prefrontal cortex.
Limbic Circuit
36
What is the function of the limbic circuit in the basal ganglia?
1. Functions to organize behaviors (executive functions, problem solving, motivation)
2. Procedural Learning
37
The Diencephalon is comprised of what (4) regions?
1. Thalamus
2. Sub-thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Epithalamus
38
What are the 3 regions of the Thalamus in the Diencephalon?
1. Sensory Nuclei
2. Motor Nuclei
3. Other Nuclei
39
What is the function of the sensory nuclei within the thalamus of the diencephalon?
Integrate and relay sensory information from the
1. Body
2. Face
3. Reina
4. Cochlea
5. Taste Receptors
to the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions
40
What is the function of the motor nuclei within the thalamus of the diencephalon?
Relay motor information from the Cerebellum and globus pallidus to precentral motor cortex
41
What is the function of the other nuclei within the thalamus in of the diencephalon?
Assist in integration of visceral and somatic functions
42
This region of the Diencephalon is involved in control of several functional pathways for sensory, motor and reticular functions.
Subthalamus
43
This region of the Diencephalon integrates and controls the function of the Autonomic nervous system and the Neuroendrocine system
Hypothalamus
44
This region of the Diencephalon regulates body temp. eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function, sexual behavior, and emotions
Hypothalamus
45
What are the two important regions o the epithalamus?
1. Habenular Nuclei
| 2. Pineal Gland
46
This region of the epithalamus integrates olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
Habenular Nuclei
47
This region of the epithalamus secretes hormones that influence the pituitary gland and several other organs
Pineal Gland
48
This midbrain is also known as the ___________
Mesencephalon
49
The midbrain connects the ___________ to the ___________
Pons to the Cerebellum
50
The ___________ connects the midbrain to the cerebellum
Superior Peduncle
51
The midbrain contains ___________ ___________, two lateral halves, each divided into an anterior part and a posterior part
Cerebral Peduncles
52
The midbrain contains cerebral peduncles, two lateral halves, each divided into an anterior part of basis (___________ and ___________) and a posterior part (___________)
Anterior Part - Crus Cerebri & Substantia Nigra
| Posterior Part - Tegmentum
53
The tegmentum of the midbrain, which is the posterior part, contains all the ___________ and ___________
Ascending tracts
| some descending tracts
54
The tegmentum of the midbrain contains all ascending tracts and some descending tracts, the ___________ receives fibers from the cerebellum.
Red Nucleus
55
The tegmentum of the midbrain contains all ascending tracts and some descending tracts, the red nucleus receives fibers from the cerebellum. The Tegmentum is also the origin for the _________ tract
Rubrospinal tract
56
The rubrospinal tract, found in the midbrain of the tegmentum along the posterior aspect is responsible for ____________?
Coordination
57
What cranial nerve nuclei are found along the tegmentum of the midbrain?
III Oculomotor 3
| IV Trochlear 4
58
The __________ in the midbrain of the brainstem is a large motor nucleus connecting with the basal ganglia and the cortex.
Substantia Nigra
59
The Substantia Nigra in the midbrain of the brainstem is a large motor nucleus connecting with the ___________ and ___________
Basal Ganglia
| Cortex
60
the Substantia Nigra is important for what function(s)?
Motor Control
| Muscle Tone
61
Within the midbrain, ___________ is an important relay station for vision and visual reflexes.
Superior Colliculus
62
Within the midbrain, ____________ is an important relay station for hearing and auditory reflexes.
Inferior Colliculus
63
This region within the midbrain contains endorphin-producing cells, (important for the suppression of pain) and descending autonomic tracts.
Periaqueductal Gray
64
The periaqueductal gray contains endorphin-producing cells that are important for the ...
Suppression of pain
65
What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
66
This region of the brainstem connects the medulla oblongata to the midbrain, allowing for passage of important ascending and descending tracts
Pons
67
Within the brainstem, the pons _____________ acts as a bridge to the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Anterior Basal Part
68
The anterior basal part of the Pons acts as a bridge to the cerebellum through the _____________
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
69
This region within the pons project widely and are important for modulating pain and controlling arousal
Midline Raphe Nuclei
70
The tegmentum (posterior Part) of the pons contains several important cranial nerves which are...
VI Abducens 6
V Trigeminal 5
VII Facial 7
VIII Vestibulochochlear 8
71
This region of the brainstem connects the pons to the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
72
The Medulla Oblongata contains relay nuclei of dorsal columns (Gracilis and Cuneatus). These fibers cross to give rise to the ____________
Medial Lemniscus
73
The inferior cerebellar peduncles are found in which region of the brainstem?
Medulla Oblongata
74
The inferior cerebellar peduncles in the medulla oblongata relay ____________ tracts to the cerebellum
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tracts
75
Where do the corticospinal tracts cross (decussate)?
Medulla Oblongata - Pyramids
76
____________ arise from the vestibular nuclei and extend throughout the brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
77
The medial longitudinal fasciculus arises from the ____________ and extends throughout the brainstem and ____________
1. Vestibular Nuclei
| 2. Brainstem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord
78
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is important for the control of ____________ and ____________
1. Head Movement
| 2. Gaze Stabilization (Vestibular-Ocular Reflex)
79
____________ complex connects cerebellum to brainstem and is important for voluntary movements
Olivary Nuclear Complex
80
The olivary nuclear complex is located within which region of the brainstem?
Medulla Oblongata
| Connects cerebellum to brainstem
81
This region within the medulla oblongata is important for control of voluntary movement
Olivary Nuclear Complex
82
What are the important cranial nerve nuclei found within the medulla oblongata?
1. Hypoglossal Nuclei
2. Dorsal Nucleus of Vagus Nerve Nuclei
3. Vestibulochochlear Nuclei
83
The medulla oblongata is an important center for regulation of what bodily functions?
1. Vital Function
2. Cardiac
3. Respiratory
4. Vasomotor Centers
84
This region of the brain is located behind the dorsal ons and medulla in the posterior fossa
Cerebellum
85
The cerebellum is joined to the brainstem by what?
Pairs of Peduncles
1. Superior Peduncle
2. Middle Peduncle
3. Inferior Peduncle
86
The cerebellum is comprised of 2 hemispheres with a midline ____________
Midline Vermis
| 2 Cerebral Hemishperes
87
What are the components of the Cerebellum? (5)
1. Two Hemispheres
2. Midline Vermis
3. Cerebellar Cortex
4. Underlying White Matter
5. Four Paired Deep Nuclei
88
This region within the cerebellum connects with vestibular system and is concerned with equilibrium and regulation of muscle tone.
Archicerebellum (Flocculonodular Lobe)
89
This region within the cerebellum helps coordinate vestibulo-ocular reflex
Archicerebellum
90
This region of the cerebellum receives input from proprioceptive pathways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone and synergistic actions of muscles
Paleocerebellum
| AKA Rostral Cerebellum, Anterior Lobe, Spinocerebellum)
91
This region within the cerebellum is important in maintenance of posture and voluntary movement control
Paleocerebellum
Rostral Cerebellum
Anterior Lobe of Cerebellum
Spinocerebellum
92
This region within the cerebellum receives input from the corticopontocerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers.
Neocerebellum
Cerebellar Hemisphere
Posterior Lobe
Pontocerebellum
93
This region within the cerebellum is concerned with smooth coordination fo voluntary movements, ensures accurate force, direction, and extent of movement.
Neocerebellum
Cerebellar Hemisphere
Posterior Lobe
Pontocerebellum
94
This region of the cerebellum is important for motor learning, sequencing of movements, and visually triggered movements
Neocerebellum
Cerebellar Hemisphere
Posterior Lobe
Pontocerebellum
95
This portion of the cerebellum may have a role in assisting cognitive function and mental imagery
Neocerebellum
Cerebellar Hemisphere
Posterior Lobe
Pontocerebellum
96
The central nervous system is comprised of (2)?
Brain
| Spinal Cord
97
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of (2)?
Cranial Nerves
| Spinal Nerves
98
The spinal cord is a cylindrical mass of nerve tissue extending from the ______________ in the skull continuous within the medulla to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebrae in the _________
1. Foramen Magnum
| 2. Conus Medullaris
99
The Spinal Cord is divided into how many segments
```
30 segments
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
Few coccygeal segments
```
100
Within the spinal cord, where is the gray matter and white matter located?
White Matter Exterior
| Gray Matter Interior
101
Within the Brain, where is gray matter and white matter located?
White Matter Interior
| Gray Matter Exterior
102
The central gray matter of the spinal cord has two anterior (ventral) and two posterior (dorsal) horns united by _____________
Gray Commissure fibers within central canal
103
Anterior horns in the spinal cord contain cell bodies that give rise to ________ motor neurons
Efferent Motor Neurons
104
Efferent motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord are comprised of what two neurons?
1. Alpha Motor Neurons
| 2. Gamma Motor Neurons
105
Alpha motor neurons in the efferent portion of the anterior horn control what?
Affects muscles
106
Gamma motor neurons within the efferent portion of the anterior horn control what?
Affect muscle spindles
107
Posterior horns in the spinal cord contain what type of neurons?
Afferent Sensory Neurons
108
In the posterior horn of the spinal cord, Afferent sensory neurons contain cell bodies located in the ____________
Dorsal Root Ganglion
109
Where are the two enlargements within the spinal cord for origins of nerves of upper and lower extremity?
Cervical
| Lumbosacral
110
The _________ horn is found in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments for preganglionic fibers of the autonomical nervous system
Lateral Horn
111
The lateral horn is found in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments for what?
Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system
112
This type of matter in the spinal cord is found anterior (ventral), lateral, and posterior (dorsal) white column or funiculi
White Matter
113
This column convey's sensation of proprioception, vibration and tactile discrimination
Dorsal Columns
| Medial Lemniscal System
114
The Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal system is divided into two tracts. What are these two regions called?
```
Fasiculus Cuneatus (Upper Extremity Tracts, Laterally Located)
Fasiculus Gracilis (Lower Extremity Tracts, Medially Located)
```
115
Fasiculus Cuneatus is responsible for what region and where is it located in the spinal tract?
Dorsal Column, Medial Lemniscus System
- Upper Extremity Tracts
- Laterally Located
116
Fasiculus Gracilis is responsible for what region and where is it located in the spinal tract?
Dorsal Column, Medial Lemniscus System
- Lower Extremity Tracts
- Medially Located
117
Neurons from the Dorsal Column ascend to the _______, where fibers cross to form the ____________
1. Medulla
| 2. Medial Lemniscus
118
Neurons from the Dorsal Column ascend to the Medulla where fibers cross to form the Medial Lemniscus, where they then ascend to the __________ and then to the ___________
1. Thalamus
| 2. Somatosensory Cortex
119
These tracts convey sensation of pain and temperature
Spinothalamic Tracts
120
Spinal Thalamic Tracts that convey sensation of pain and temperature are found where within the spinal cord?
Lateral Spinothalamic tract
121
Sensation of crude touch can be found where within the spinal cord?
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
122
Spinothalamic tracts ascend one or two Ipsilateral spinal cord segments known as ___________ tract
Lissauer's Tract
123
Spinothalamic tracts convey sensation of pain and temperature through the lateral spinothalamic tract, and crude touch through the anterior spinothalamic tract. Tracts ascend one or two Ipsilateral spinal cord segments known as Lissauer's tract. They then synapse and cross in the ___________ to the contralateral side and ascend into the ___________
Spinal Cord
Ventrolateral Spinothalamic System
124
___________ tracts convey proprioception information from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements.
Spinocerebellar Tracts
125
Spinocerebellar tracts convey what type of information?
1. Proprioception information from muscle spindles
2. Golgi tendon organs
3. Touch and pressure receptors
126
Spinocerebellar tracts convey proprioception information from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to the ___________ for ___________
1. Cerebellum
| 2. control of voluntary muscle movement
127
This Spinocerebellar tract ascends to the Ipsilateral Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle.
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
128
The Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract ascends to which region?
Ipsilateral Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
129
This Spinocerebellar tract ascends to the contralateral and ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle
Ventrospinocerebellar tract
130
The Ventrospinocerebellar Tract ascends to which region?
Contralateral Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
| Ipsilateral Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
131
These tracts convey deep and chronic pain to reticular formation of brainstem via diffuse, polysynaptic pathways
Spinoreticular Tracts
132
Spinoreticular tracts convey what type of information to the brainstem?
Deep and chronic pain to reticular formation of brainstem Via diffuse, polysynaptic pathways
133
What are the 4 Ascending spinal tracts for the sensory pathway?
1. Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus System
2. Spinothalamic Tracts
3. Spinocerebellar Tracts
4. Spinoreticular Tracts
134
What are the 5 Descending fiber system pathways?
1. Corticospinal Tract
2. Vestibulospinal Tract
3. Rubrospinal Tract
4. Reticulospinal System
5. Tectospinal Tract
135
These tracts arise from the primary motor cortex, descend into the brainstem, cross in the medulla (pyramidal decussation), via lateral corticospinal tract, to ventral gray matter (Anterior horn cells)
Corticospinal Tracts
136
Where do the corticospinal tracts arise from?
Primary Motor Cortex
137
What is the pathway for the corticospinal tract?
1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Descend into brainstem
3. Cross into Medulla (Pyramidal Decussation)
4. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
5. Ventral Gray Matter (Anterior Horn Cells)
138
10% of the fibers from the corticospinal tract do not cross and travel in the anterior corticospinal tract to cervical and upper thoracic segments. This is important why?
For retention of voluntary motor control
139
This spinal tract arises from the vestibular nucleus and descend to the spinal cord in lateral (uncrossed), and medial (crossed and uncrossed) ___________ tracts
Vestibulospinal tract
140
Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?
Vestibular nucleus
141
What is the importance of the vestibulospinal tracts?
1. Control of muscle tone
2. Antigravity muscles
3. Postural Reflex
142
This spinal tract arises in the contralateral red nucleus and descends into the lateral white columns to spinal gray.
Rubrospinal Tracts
143
Rubrospinal tracts arise in the ___________ and descend into the ___________
1. Contralateral red Nucleus
| 2. Descend in lateral white columns to spinal gray
144
What is the importance of the rubrospinal tract?
Assist in motor function
145
This system arises from the reticular formation of the brainstem and descends (crossed and uncrossed) into ventral and lateral columns. Terminates in dorsal gray and on ventral gray.
Reticulospinal System
146
Where does the reticulospinal system originate?
Reticular formation of the brainstem
147
Where does the reticulospinal system descend with respect to the spinal column?
Ventral and lateral columns
148
Where does the reticulospinal system terminate in the spinal cord?
```
Both in Dorsal Gray (Modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain,
Ventral Gray (Influences Gamma Motor Neurons and Spinal Reflexes)
```
149
The reticulospinal system that terminates in the dorsal gray does what?
Modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain
150
The reticulospinal system that terminates in the ventral gray influences what?
Influences Gamma Motor Neurons
| Influences Spinal Reflexes
151
This tract arises from the superior colliculus (midbrain) and descends to ventral gray.
Tectospinal tract
152
The tectospinal tract arises from the ___________ and descends into the ___________
```
Superior colliculus (Midbrain)
Decends to Ventral Gray
```
153
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Assists in head-turning responses to visual stimuli.
154
This system is concerned with innervations of involuntary structures, such as the smooth muscle, heart glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
155
This system helps maintain homeostasis of the body, specifically internal body environment
Autonomic Nervous system
156
What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
1. Sympathetic
| 2. Parasympathetic
157
In the ANS, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both have ___________ and ___________ fibers
Efferent Nerve fibers
| Afferent Nerve Fibers
158
The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares the body for?
Fight or Flight
| Emergency Responses
159
What vital conditions occur when the Sympathetic Nervous System is Activated?
1. Increases HR
2. Increases BP
3. Constricts peripheral blood vessels
4. Redistributes Blood
5. Inhibits Peristalsis
160
The Sympathetic Nervous system is comprised of what spinal divisions?
T1-L2; Thoracolumbar division
161
the Parasympathetic Nervous system is comprised of what spinal divisions?
Craniosacral Division
CN III, VII, IX, X; Pelvic nerves
CN 3, 7, 9, 10, Pelvic Nerves
162
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
1. Conserves and Restores Homeostasis
2. Slows Heart Rate
3. Reduces Blood Pressure
4. Increases Peristalsis
5. Increases Glandular Activity
163
What is he Autonomic Plexus control?
1. Cardiac
2. Pulmonary
3. Celiac (Solar)
4. Hypogastric
5. Pelvic
164
The ANS is modulated by what region of the body?
Brain Centers
165
This ANS arises from control centers in the hypothalamus and lower brainstem that regulates Cardiac, Respiratory, Vasomotor, and projects to Preganglionic ANS segments in Thoracolumbar (Sympathetic) and Craniosacral (Parasympathetic) segments
Descending Autonomic System
166
The Descending autonomic nervous system arises from control centers in the ___________ and ___________
Hypothalamus
| Lower Brainstem
167
The Descending ANS is responsible for controlling what 3 areas?
Cardiac
Respiratory
Vasomotor
