Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3A week 3 - the liver > anatomy and physiology of the liver > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest visceral organ in the body

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the colour of the liver dependendent on

A

fat content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 surfaces of the liver

A
  1. diaphragmatic (superior, right, anterior, posterior)
  2. visceral (inferior) - touches other visceral organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what abdominal quadrants does the lover occupy

A
  1. R hypochondrium
  2. epigastrium
  3. L hypocodrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what capsule covers the liver

A

a fiborus capsule called the glisson capsule -> pain fibres are located here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what parts of the liver are not situated in the peritoneum (3)

A
  1. gallbladder fossa
  2. porta hepatis
  3. bare area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what divides the liver into left and right lobes

A

the falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver

A
  1. right
  2. left
  3. quadrate
  4. caudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the bare are of the liver

A

where the liver directly contacts the diaphragmatic surface and no peritoneum is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the ligamentum teres in the liver

A

dense ligamentous band of fibrous tissue - It is a remnant of the fetal circulatory system, the umbilical veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

a double layer of peritoneum that runs from the inferior surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum -> it contaisn the hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
(see notes for pic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the porta hepatis

A

the entry/exit point for the most important structures of the liver -> portal vein, hepatic artery proper, hepatic nervous plexus, common hepatic duct, lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is Cantlie’s line

A

the ‘imaginary’ boarderline between both functional lobes of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the boarder of the L and R functional liver lobes marked by

A

the IVC and gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where does the L functional liver lobe drain to and what supplies it

A

drains to L bile duct, supplied by portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is couinaud’s classification

A

divides the liver into eight functionally indepedent segments -> Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage, In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what artery do bile duct hilum cancer often impact

A

the hepatic artery -> it sneaks behind the bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what vein does all GI blood drain into

A

the portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what veins join to form the main hepatic portal vein

A

the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein (IMA joins the splenic earlier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the components of the functional liver lobule (6)

A
  1. central tract
  2. hepatocytes
  3. bilary cannuiculi
  4. sinosoid cells
  5. arteries
  6. veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the sinosoid cells

A

takes blood from microscopic hepatic arteries/veins and drains it into the central vein -> all veins eventually join up to for the 3 main hepatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the fucntion of the biliary canniculi

A

bile is formed here (in between the liver cells) -> then flows into he main bile duct

23
Q

what zone hepatocytes are closes to the central vein

A

zone 3
|
/ / /\ \ \
/ 3 / 2 / 1 \ 2 \ 3 \
0 / / / | \ \ \ 0
(central vein) | (ctrl vein)

24
Q

what are oval cells in the liver

A

stem cells that appear when the liver is damaged

25
Q

what are hepatic stellate cells

A

a minor cell population in the liver but serve numerous critical functions in the normal liver and in response to injury -> thought to be responsible for collagen production in liver injury for which form the basis for fibrosis

26
Q

what are kupffer cells in the liver

A

macrophages that line the lumen of the sinusoid

27
Q

what heptaic membrane protein is responsible for importing bile acids into the hepatocyte

A

sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)

28
Q

what heptaic membrane protein is responsible for importing organic anions and bile acids into the hepatocyte

A

OATP

29
Q

what are the hepatocyte exporter proteins (2)

A
  1. OST a/b
  2. MRP3/4
30
Q

what hepatic protein is responsible for transporting bile acids from the hepatocytes into the bilary canniliculus

A

BSEP

31
Q

why is the FIC1 protein important in bile formation

A

is ensures the asymmetry of phospholipids in the bilayer which is required for the other membrane proteins to work properly

32
Q

why is the STEROLIN protein important in bile formation

A

transports cholesterol from the hepatocyte into the biliary canniliculus (excretery route)

33
Q

why is the MRP2 protein important in bile formation

A

transports bilirubin into the biliary cannuliculus

34
Q

why is the MDR3 protein important in bile formation

A

secretes phospholipids from the cytoplasm into the membrane

35
Q

where is cholesterol converted into bile acids

A

in the hepatocytes

36
Q

what enzyme is used to in the cholesterol -> bile acids classical conversion pathway

A

7-alpha-hydroxylase

37
Q

what enzyme is used to in the cholesterol -> bile acids alternative conversion pathway

A

27-hydroxylase

38
Q

what are the 2 primary bile acids produced from cholesterol

A

cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

39
Q

what are the bile acids conjugated to in order to increase their solubilty i.e. become bile salts (2)

A

the amino acids glycine or taurine

40
Q

what are the 2 secondary bile acids and where do they arise

A

In the intestines, some of these primary bile acids get dehydroxylated, giving rise to secondary bile acids:
1. deoxycholic acid
2. lithocholic acid

41
Q

what in the intestines caused the conversion of primary to secondary bile acids

A

the intestinal microbes

42
Q

bile components (5)

A
  1. bile acids
  2. bile pigments (e.g. bilirubin)
  3. cholesterol
  4. phospholipids
  5. proteins
43
Q

which bile acid makes up the majority of the BAs in bile

A

cholic acid

44
Q

where can bile acids be resporbed

A

in the terminal ileum -> reabsorbed back into the blood stream to be taken back to the liver

45
Q

what is the function of bile (3)

A
  1. emulsify fat
  2. cholesterol, triglyceride, fatty acid, fat-soluble vitamin absorption
  3. gut-liver axis -> critical in response to inflammation, immune response, epithelial cell proliferation etc.
46
Q

what does bile acids binding to GPBAR-1 on kupffer cells do

A

regulation of liver immunity by modulating type I and II natural killer T cells in a interleukin-10 dependent manner

47
Q

why does liver damage result in leg oedema

A

due to decrease albumin production leading to a change in intravascular oncotic pressure

48
Q

what is the role of the liver in determining intravascular oncotic pressure

A

it makes albumin -> important in oncotic pressure

49
Q

why must INR be measured in liver disease

A

the liver is essential in making clotting factors 2,7,9,10, as well as protein C, S and antithrombin => INR must be check to determine if these factors are being made

50
Q

what reaction is urea a byproduct of

A

Arginine -> Ornithine
this takes place in the liver

51
Q

why might hypoglycaemia be seen in acute liver failure

A

the liver is key in glycogen metabolism -> glucose cannot be adequately released from livers stores in acute liver failure

52
Q

what is the cori cycle and what can it result in, in liver failure

A

glucose is metabolized to pyruvate and then to lactate in muscle, the lactate is released into the blood and carried to the liver, where it is reconverted to pyruvate and used for gluconeogenesis, and the resulting glucose is released and travels back to muscle

-> results in lactic acidosis in liver failure as the lactate isn’t being converted in the liver

53
Q

what zone hepatocytes are particularly involved in drug metabolism

A

zone 3

3A week 3 - the liver (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions