Anatomy and physiology of the breast

Question 1

Breast development starts at the ——– and continues through ………. development

Answer 1

embryonic stage / fetal

Question 2

Growth of the breast occurs during ………..

Answer 2

puberty

Question 3

Estrogen is secreted by the ………….

Answer 3

ovaries

Question 4

After puberty the structure of the breast is influenced by cyclic changes in hormone levels during the ……..

Answer 4

menstrual cycle

Question 5

Growth of the breast is regulated by several hormones including ………… and ……………

Answer 5

estrogen and progesterone

Question 6

………… stimulates breast epithelial proliferation

Answer 6

estrogen

Question 7

……….. induces changes in mammary alveoli and ducts

Answer 7

progesterone

Question 8

After ……… hormone levels decrease and breast tissue changes reverse

Answer 8

menstruation

Question 9

During pregnancy estrogen and progesterone stimulate breast tissue to support ………….

Answer 9

lactation

Question 10

Near ………… atrophy of the breasts occurs due to a decrease in ovarian function and estrogen/progesterone

Answer 10

menopause

Question 11

Estrogens stimulate breast cell growth by binding to ….

Answer 11

ER estrogen receptors

Question 12

Estrogens promote the production of ……… as well

Answer 12

PR progesterone receptors

Question 13

Breasts lie over the ……….. muscle

Answer 13

pectoralis major

Question 14

Breasts are attached to the muscle by a layer of ….. which is composed of dense irregular tissue

Answer 14

fascia

Question 15

Strands of connective tissue called …………. run between skin and deep fascia to support the breasts

Answer 15

coopers ligaments

Question 16

Each breast contains a …………..

Answer 16

mammary gland

Question 17

Each mammary gland consists of ……….. compartments called …………that are separated by fat tissue

Answer 17

15-20 / lobes

Question 18

Smaller compartments in the lobes are called…..

Answer 18

lobules

Question 19

Lobules contain ……………. glands called …………

Answer 19

milk secreting / alveoli

Question 20

Milk produced in the alveoli passes in a series of ……….. then into …………….

Answer 20

secondary tubules / mammary ducts

Question 21

Mammary ducts expand to form ………… where milk is stored

Answer 21

lactiferous sinuses

Question 22

Milk drains into …………. before leaving via the nipple

Answer 22

lactiferous ducts

Question 23

The function of the breast is ………………..

Answer 23

lactation

Question 24

Production of milk is stimulated by the hormone …….. but progesterone and estrogen play a part

Answer 24

prolactin

Question 25

Ejection of milk is stimulated by ....... which is triggered by infant sucking on nipple

Answer 25

oxytocin

Question 26

The lymphatic system helps ............... and ..................

Answer 26

circulate body fluids / defend against disease causing agents

Question 27

The lymphatic system consists of fluid called ........ , vessels to transport the .............. and ......................

Answer 27

lymph / lymph / lymphatic tissue

Question 28

Fluid that cannot be reabsorbed from interstitial fluid drains into ....... .......... as lymph

Answer 28

lymphatic capillaries

Question 29

Lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries to ........... ............

Answer 29

lymphatic vessels

Question 30

Along lymphatic vessels are bean shaped ......... ..........

Answer 30

lymph nodes

Question 31

Lymph nodes contain tightly packed ............... and other immune cells

Answer 31

lymphocytes

Question 32

Lymph nodes filter lymph for disease material and drain back into ............ ..............

Answer 32

blood vessels

Question 33

Regional lymph nodes are located ............. ............ ...............

Answer 33

armpits / behind rib cage near sternum / above breasts

Question 34

Function of regional lymph nodes

Answer 34

drain the breast

Question 35

Regional lymph nodes in the armpits are called

Answer 35

axillary lymph nodes

Question 36

Regional lymph nodes behind the ribs near sternum are called

Answer 36

internal mammary lymph nodes

Question 37

Regional lymph nodes above the breasts are called

Answer 37

supraclavicular nodes

Question 38

Majority of lymph draining is from which nodes

Answer 38

axillary (97%)

Question 39

Small amount of lymph draining from the .... nodes

Answer 39

internal (3%)

Question 40

The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to is called

Answer 40

sentinel node

Question 41

Sentinel node .......... is when the node is identified, removed and examined for the presence of cancer cells

Answer 41

sentinel node biopsy

Question 42

Sentinel node biopsy is useful for ............

Answer 42

assessing axillary status (spread)

Question 43

Breast cancer most likely to spread to ........, .........., ............., .............

Answer 43

bone, lung, brain, liver

Question 44

Blood is supplied to the breast via 2 branches of the ........ ............

Answer 44

axillary artery

Question 45

The 2 branches of the axillary artery are ...

Answer 45

internal mammary artery / lateral thoracic artery

Question 46

60% of the breast is supplied by the .....

Answer 46

internal mammary artery

Question 47

30% of the breast is supplied by the .....

Answer 47

lateral thoracic artery

Question 48

3 main veins that drain away from the breast

Answer 48

internal thoracic vein / axillary vein / intercostal veins