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Anatomy and physiology of the breast > Anatomy and physiology of the breast > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology of the breast Flashcards

1
Q

Breast development starts at the ——– and continues through ………. development

A

embryonic stage / fetal

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2
Q

Growth of the breast occurs during ………..

A

puberty

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3
Q

Estrogen is secreted by the ………….

A

ovaries

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4
Q

After puberty the structure of the breast is influenced by cyclic changes in hormone levels during the ……..

A

menstrual cycle

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5
Q

Growth of the breast is regulated by several hormones including ………… and ……………

A

estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

………… stimulates breast epithelial proliferation

A

estrogen

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7
Q

……….. induces changes in mammary alveoli and ducts

A

progesterone

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8
Q

After ……… hormone levels decrease and breast tissue changes reverse

A

menstruation

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9
Q

During pregnancy estrogen and progesterone stimulate breast tissue to support ………….

A

lactation

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10
Q

Near ………… atrophy of the breasts occurs due to a decrease in ovarian function and estrogen/progesterone

A

menopause

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11
Q

Estrogens stimulate breast cell growth by binding to ….

A

ER estrogen receptors

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12
Q

Estrogens promote the production of ……… as well

A

PR progesterone receptors

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13
Q

Breasts lie over the ……….. muscle

A

pectoralis major

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14
Q

Breasts are attached to the muscle by a layer of ….. which is composed of dense irregular tissue

A

fascia

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15
Q

Strands of connective tissue called …………. run between skin and deep fascia to support the breasts

A

coopers ligaments

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16
Q

Each breast contains a …………..

A

mammary gland

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17
Q

Each mammary gland consists of ……….. compartments called …………that are separated by fat tissue

A

15-20 / lobes

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18
Q

Smaller compartments in the lobes are called…..

A

lobules

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19
Q

Lobules contain ……………. glands called …………

A

milk secreting / alveoli

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20
Q

Milk produced in the alveoli passes in a series of ……….. then into …………….

A

secondary tubules / mammary ducts

21
Q

Mammary ducts expand to form ………… where milk is stored

A

lactiferous sinuses

22
Q

Milk drains into …………. before leaving via the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

23
Q

The function of the breast is ………………..

A

lactation

24
Q

Production of milk is stimulated by the hormone …….. but progesterone and estrogen play a part

A

prolactin

25
Q

Ejection of milk is stimulated by ……. which is triggered by infant sucking on nipple

A

oxytocin

26
Q

The lymphatic system helps …………… and ………………

A

circulate body fluids / defend against disease causing agents

27
Q

The lymphatic system consists of fluid called …….. , vessels to transport the ………….. and ………………….

A

lymph / lymph / lymphatic tissue

28
Q

Fluid that cannot be reabsorbed from interstitial fluid drains into ……. ………. as lymph

A

lymphatic capillaries

29
Q

Lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries to ……….. …………

A

lymphatic vessels

30
Q

Along lymphatic vessels are bean shaped ……… ……….

A

lymph nodes

31
Q

Lymph nodes contain tightly packed …………… and other immune cells

A

lymphocytes

32
Q

Lymph nodes filter lymph for disease material and drain back into ………… …………..

A

blood vessels

33
Q

Regional lymph nodes are located …………. ………… ……………

A

armpits / behind rib cage near sternum / above breasts

34
Q

Function of regional lymph nodes

A

drain the breast

35
Q

Regional lymph nodes in the armpits are called

A

axillary lymph nodes

36
Q

Regional lymph nodes behind the ribs near sternum are called

A

internal mammary lymph nodes

37
Q

Regional lymph nodes above the breasts are called

A

supraclavicular nodes

38
Q

Majority of lymph draining is from which nodes

A

axillary (97%)

39
Q

Small amount of lymph draining from the …. nodes

A

internal (3%)

40
Q

The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to is called

A

sentinel node

41
Q

Sentinel node ………. is when the node is identified, removed and examined for the presence of cancer cells

A

sentinel node biopsy

42
Q

Sentinel node biopsy is useful for …………

A

assessing axillary status (spread)

43
Q

Breast cancer most likely to spread to …….., ………., …………., ………….

A

bone, lung, brain, liver

44
Q

Blood is supplied to the breast via 2 branches of the …….. …………

A

axillary artery

45
Q

The 2 branches of the axillary artery are …

A

internal mammary artery / lateral thoracic artery

46
Q

60% of the breast is supplied by the …..

A

internal mammary artery

47
Q

30% of the breast is supplied by the …..

A

lateral thoracic artery

48
Q

3 main veins that drain away from the breast

A

internal thoracic vein / axillary vein / intercostal veins

Anatomy and physiology of the breast (1 decks)

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