Anatomy and physiology of the breast Flashcards

1
Q

Breast development starts at the ——– and continues through ………. development

A

embryonic stage / fetal

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2
Q

Growth of the breast occurs during ………..

A

puberty

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3
Q

Estrogen is secreted by the ………….

A

ovaries

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4
Q

After puberty the structure of the breast is influenced by cyclic changes in hormone levels during the ……..

A

menstrual cycle

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5
Q

Growth of the breast is regulated by several hormones including ………… and ……………

A

estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

………… stimulates breast epithelial proliferation

A

estrogen

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7
Q

……….. induces changes in mammary alveoli and ducts

A

progesterone

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8
Q

After ……… hormone levels decrease and breast tissue changes reverse

A

menstruation

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9
Q

During pregnancy estrogen and progesterone stimulate breast tissue to support ………….

A

lactation

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10
Q

Near ………… atrophy of the breasts occurs due to a decrease in ovarian function and estrogen/progesterone

A

menopause

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11
Q

Estrogens stimulate breast cell growth by binding to ….

A

ER estrogen receptors

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12
Q

Estrogens promote the production of ……… as well

A

PR progesterone receptors

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13
Q

Breasts lie over the ……….. muscle

A

pectoralis major

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14
Q

Breasts are attached to the muscle by a layer of ….. which is composed of dense irregular tissue

A

fascia

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15
Q

Strands of connective tissue called …………. run between skin and deep fascia to support the breasts

A

coopers ligaments

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16
Q

Each breast contains a …………..

A

mammary gland

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17
Q

Each mammary gland consists of ……….. compartments called …………that are separated by fat tissue

A

15-20 / lobes

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18
Q

Smaller compartments in the lobes are called…..

A

lobules

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19
Q

Lobules contain ……………. glands called …………

A

milk secreting / alveoli

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20
Q

Milk produced in the alveoli passes in a series of ……….. then into …………….

A

secondary tubules / mammary ducts

21
Q

Mammary ducts expand to form ………… where milk is stored

A

lactiferous sinuses

22
Q

Milk drains into …………. before leaving via the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

23
Q

The function of the breast is ………………..

24
Q

Production of milk is stimulated by the hormone …….. but progesterone and estrogen play a part

25
Ejection of milk is stimulated by ....... which is triggered by infant sucking on nipple
oxytocin
26
The lymphatic system helps ............... and ..................
circulate body fluids / defend against disease causing agents
27
The lymphatic system consists of fluid called ........ , vessels to transport the .............. and ......................
lymph / lymph / lymphatic tissue
28
Fluid that cannot be reabsorbed from interstitial fluid drains into ....... .......... as lymph
lymphatic capillaries
29
Lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries to ........... ............
lymphatic vessels
30
Along lymphatic vessels are bean shaped ......... ..........
lymph nodes
31
Lymph nodes contain tightly packed ............... and other immune cells
lymphocytes
32
Lymph nodes filter lymph for disease material and drain back into ............ ..............
blood vessels
33
Regional lymph nodes are located ............. ............ ...............
armpits / behind rib cage near sternum / above breasts
34
Function of regional lymph nodes
drain the breast
35
Regional lymph nodes in the armpits are called
axillary lymph nodes
36
Regional lymph nodes behind the ribs near sternum are called
internal mammary lymph nodes
37
Regional lymph nodes above the breasts are called
supraclavicular nodes
38
Majority of lymph draining is from which nodes
axillary (97%)
39
Small amount of lymph draining from the .... nodes
internal (3%)
40
The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to is called
sentinel node
41
Sentinel node .......... is when the node is identified, removed and examined for the presence of cancer cells
sentinel node biopsy
42
Sentinel node biopsy is useful for ............
assessing axillary status (spread)
43
Breast cancer most likely to spread to ........, .........., ............., .............
bone, lung, brain, liver
44
Blood is supplied to the breast via 2 branches of the ........ ............
axillary artery
45
The 2 branches of the axillary artery are ...
internal mammary artery / lateral thoracic artery
46
60% of the breast is supplied by the .....
internal mammary artery
47
30% of the breast is supplied by the .....
lateral thoracic artery
48
3 main veins that drain away from the breast
internal thoracic vein / axillary vein / intercostal veins