Anatomy and Physiology: Module 1 and Module 2 Flashcards
It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
ANATOMY
The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “_____”
TO CUT APART
It is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys.
GROSS ANATOMY
All structures in particular region of the body. It is the study of the organization of the body by areas.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
Body structures are examined system by system.
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
It is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin. It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
SURFACE ANATOMY
It deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology, histology).
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
It involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
PHYSIOLOGY
It is the study of a specific organism, of human, whereas cellular physiology and systemic physiology are subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational levels.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
It is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
HOMEOSTASIS
What are the levels of structural organization of the human body?
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
Atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures.
CHEMICAL LEVEL
Cells are made up of molecules. A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell.
CELLULAR LEVEL
It is the smallest independently unit of a living organism.
CELL
A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called ______?
ORGANELLES
A community of similar cells form a body tissue.
TISSUE LEVEL
It is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
TISSUE
Two or more different tissue combine to form an organ.
ORGAN LEVEL
An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
ORGAN
Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body systems.
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs pf the body.
ORGAN SYSTEM
What are the systems of the body?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Nervous, Reproductive
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
URINARY SYSTEM
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
CATABOLISM
It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.
ANABOLISM
What are the requirements for life or survival needs?
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, and Atmospheric Pressure
It is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
HOMEOSTASIS
An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Refers to a person standing erect and facing forward, the upper limbs are by the sides, the palms of the hands are directed forward, the lower limbs are together, the soles of the feet are on the ground. Also known as the standard anatomical position.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
It means lying flat on your stomach.
PRONE POSITION
It means lying flat on your back; lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up.
SUPINE POSITION
Vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
MEDIAN PLANE
Any plane parallel to the median that divides the body into unequal right and left portions.
SAGITTAL PLANE
Vertical plane situated at a right angle to the median plane. It divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE
Lies at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. It divides the body into upper and lower parts.
HORIZONTAL PLANE
Lies perpendicular to the long axis of a given structure and divides that structure in a “cross-sectional” orientation.
TRANSVERSE PLANE
The front part of the body.
ANTERIOR
The back part of the body.
POSTERIOR
The front part of the hand.
PALMAR
The back part of the hand.
DORSUM/DORSAL
The term used to refers to the sole of the foot.
PLANTAR
It indicates the upper (top) surface of the foot.
DORSAL SURFACES
A structure nearer to the median plane.
MEDIAL
A structure that lies farther away from the median plane.
LATERAL
Denote levels relatively high and low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body.
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL; CEPHALIC) AND INFERIOR (CAUDAL)
Closer to the core
PROXIMAL
Far away from the core
DISTAL
Closer to the surface / skin of the body.
SUPERFICIAL
Far away from the surface.
DISTAL
Inside the structure
INTERNAL
Outside the structure
EXTERNAL
is on the same side as the reference point
IPSILATERAL
is on the opposite side of from the reference point.
CONTRALATERAL
flow toward the reference point.
AFFERENT
flow away from the reference point
EFFERENT
Well protected by bone; includes cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord).
DORSAL CAVITY
Protected only by the trunk muscles; includes thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs)
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
A relatively stable internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS
Responds to environmental changes (stimuli)
RECEPTOR
Assess changes and stimulates an effector.
CONTROL CENTER
Produces a response to the environmental change
EFFECTOR
Systems act to reduce or stop the initial stimulus
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Systems act to increase the initial stimulus
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Is the most abundant compound in the body, is a universal solvent, and is a a reactant in hydrolysis reaction
WATER
What are the functions of water?
- A vehicle for chemical reactions, transportation around the body and lubricating fluids.
- Maintains body temperature by slowly absorbing and releasing heat.
- Forms a watery cushion to protect certain body structures (such as the brain)
Donate protons (H+ ions)
ACIDS
Accept protons (H+ ions)
BASES
Measures the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
pH
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all degraded by ______ and synthesized by _________ reactions.
HYDROLYSIS; DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the general relationship of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
CARBOHYDRATES
The building blocks of carbohydrate, this includes glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose
MONOSACCHARIDES
Two monomers covalently linked, such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose
DISACCHARIDES
This includes starch and glycogen
POLYSACCHARIDES
Major energy source for making ATP
GLUCOSE
Modified RNA nucleotide; the energy currency used by all body cells
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
This includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (the most important of which is cholesterol)
LIPIDS
Polymers of amino acids
PROTEINS
The basic structural proteins of the body
FIBROUS PROTEINS
Functional proteins such as enzymes, peptide hormones and hemoglobin
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
Speed the rates of chemical reactions by binding temporarily and specifically with reactants and holding them in the proper position to interact.
ENZYMES
Maintains genetic heritage by replicating itself before cell division and specifying protein structure.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Executes instructions from DNA during protein synthesis.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm. It is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins, sugars, and cholesterol.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
What are the membrane junctions?
- Tight junctions
- Gap junctions
- Microvilli
Control center of a cell; necessary for reproduction
NUCLEUS
Contains cytosol, inclusions, stored or inactive materials in the cytoplasm (fat globules, water vacuoles, crystals), and organelles.
CYTOPLASM
This is the site for ATP synthesis
MITOCHONDRIA
This is the site for protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
A tunnel system involved in fat and protein synthesis.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
It modifies and packages proteins for export
GOLGI APPARATUS
For intracellular digestion
LYSOSOMES
It detoxify free radicals
PEROXISOMES
It provides cellular support and motion
CYTOSKELETON
Cell division and form the bases of cilia and flagella
CENTRIOLES
Project the cell surface and aid in moving substances across the cell surface.
CILIA
Are longer projections made of microtubules that propel the cell.
FLAGELLA
Structures to increase surface area, are composed of actin filaments
MICROVILLI
Is the movement of a substance from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to the kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion of dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.
OSMOSIS
Diffusion that requires a protein channel or carrier.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
a passive transport that requires a pressure gradient across a membrane.
FILTRATION
Requires both ATP and a carrier protein and can move items against their gradient.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
It move specific solutes.
SOLUTE PUMPS
This includes endocystosis and exocytosis, the movement of bulk substances into or out of the cell.
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
It includes two phases: mitosis and cytokinesis; provides cells for growth and repair.
CELL DIVISION
Division of the nucleus.
MITOSIS
Division of the cytoplasm.
CYTOKINESIS
It covers, lines; glandular tissue protects, absorbs, and secretes.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Some are smooth and slick, most have microvilli.
APICAL SURG=FACE
Non-celullar, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins that acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules are allowed to enter the epithelium.
BASAL LAMINA
This is where absorption, secretion and filtration occurs.
SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE
With 2 or more layers, common in high abrasion area such as lining of the mouth and skin surface.
STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE
What are the classification of epithelial tissue based on shape?
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
a single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
Single lager of cells if differing heights, not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.
PSEUDOSTRATIFUED COLUMNAR
Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are ful of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more
superficial layers.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
TRANSITIONAL
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
GLAND
product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins
SECRETION
One- celled or multicellular
UNICELLULAR
Internally secretion or exocrine
ENDOCRINE
Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target
organs; structurally diverse and secretions also varies
ENDOCRINE
Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others
EXOCRINE
Supports, protects, cushions, insulates, and binds together
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Contracts (shortens) to generate force; causes movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
voluntary, multinucleate, striated, attached to skeleton
SKELETAL MUSCLE
involuntary, uninucleate, striated, heart wall, intercalated discs
CARDIAC MUSCLE
involuntary, uninucleate, not striated, walls of hollow organs
SMOOTH MUSCLE
are irritable and conductive, and they are specialized to receive and transmit nerve impulses
NEURONS
What are the support cells of the nervous tissue?
NEUROGLIA
Make up the fast control center of the body; found in brain, nerves, and spinal cord
NERVOUS TISSUE
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
AREOLAR
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
ADIPOSE
Loose network of reticular fibers
in a gel-like ground substance
RETICULAR
Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
REGULAR
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type.
IRREGULAR
Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
ELASTIC
Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (as chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
HYALINE
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but m o r e elastic fibers in matrix.
ELASTIC
Matrix similar to but l e s firm
than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.
FIBROCARTILAGE
Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
BONE
Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
BLOOD
line body cavities that are open to the exterior.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES (mucosae)
covers the body surface.
CUTSNEOUS MEMBRANE (the skin)
line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
SEROUS MEMBRANES
surrounds the digestive organs
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
injured tissue is replaced by same
type of cells
REGENERATION
wound is repaired with scar tissue
FIBROSIS
abnormal cell growths (benign or cancerous); result from lack of control of cell division
NEOPLASMS
increase in size; results when tissue is repeatedly and strongly stimulated or irritated
HYPERPLASIA
decrease in size; results when organ is not stimulated
ATROPHY
