Anatomy and Physiology (Module 1-2) Flashcards
It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anatomy
It studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Physiology
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart,
lungs, kidneys
Gross Anatomy
all structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)
Regional
body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron
etc.)
Systemic
study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Surface
deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye(cytology,
histology)
Microscopic
traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
developmental
It is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions
Catabolism
Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process
Anabolism
Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Homeostasis
An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment
Homeostatic Imbalance
2 causes Homeostatic Imbalance
Aging and Diseases
Anatomical term for underarm
Axillary
Anatomical term for fingers
Digits
Anatomical term for wrist
Carpal
Anatomical term for chin
Mental
Anatomical term for lower part of the arm
Anti brachial
Anatomical term for upper part of the arm
Brachial
Anatomical term for nose
Nasal
Smallest unit of life
Cells
Selectively permeable barrier
Plasma membrane
Most abundant material, jellylike substance
composed of proteins and polysaccharides
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ECF (extracellular fluid)
Substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)
Cellular secretions
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume
Tonicity
have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water
Isotonic
More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse
Hypotonic
Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate
Hypertonic
Cells retain their normal size and shape in isotonic solutions (same solute/water concentration as inside cells; water moves in and out).
Isotonic solutions
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a hypertonic solution (contains a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside the cells)
Hypertonic solutions
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse) in a hypotonic solution (contains a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than are present inside cells).
Hypotonic solutions
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
Active transport
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles
Membrane Potential
in which cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and immunity
Contact signaling
process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response
Chemical Signaling
signals from the nervous system
Neurotransmitters
signals from the endocrine system
Hormones
chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
Paracrines
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (numerous in kidneys and livers) Oxidases and Catalases detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde and neutralize free radicals
Peroxisomes
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
Tissues
Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, a boundary-forming tissue
Epithelial Tissue
some are smooth and slick, most have microvilli
Apical Surface
non-cellular, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins that acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules are allowed to enter the epithelium
Basal Lamina
Two classification of Epithelial Tissue
Simple and Stratified
Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement
Muscle Tissue
high specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses which enables them to 1) respond to stimuli and 2) transmit electrical
impulses
Neurons
non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons
Supporting cells/Glial/Neugrolia
Continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue
types (epithelium + connective tissue)
Membranes
Three (3) steps of tissue repair
Inflammation sets the stage, Organization restores the blood supply, Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
