Anatomy and Physiology Module 1 & 2 Flashcards
Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Anatomy
Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Physiology
Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Homeostasis
Refers to the positioning of the body when standing upright and facing forward with arms on the side
Anatomical position
Refers to the position of the body lying flat face down
Prone position
Refers to the position of the body lying flat facing upwards
Supine position
Plane that divides the body left and right
Sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body exactly in the middle vertical of the body. Divides the body into symmetrical halves (left and right)
Median plane or Mid - sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
Coronal plane
Straight plane that divides your body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse plane
Going inside (heart, liver)
Deep
Going outside (epidermis)
Superficial
Going away/farther from the head
Distal
Going into/nearer the head
Proximal
From the head, going down
Inferior
From down, going to the head/upwards
Superior
Upper Arm
Brachial region
Lower Arm
Antebrachial
Ear part
Auricular region
Armpit part
Axillary region
Wrist
Carpal region
Between Brachial and Antebrachial region
Cubital region
Solute particles are very tiny and do not scatter in light
Solution
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light. Do not settle out
Colloid
Solute particles are very large and settle out. May scatter light
Suspension
Inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment
Homeostatic imbalance
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
Biochemistry
Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
pH (Power of Hydrogen)
Globular proteins that act as a biological catalysts
Enzymes
Also called proton donors. Substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
Acids
Also called proton acceptors. Substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
Bases
pH of a Human body
ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume
Tonicity
Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for the most type of body movement. Possesses myofilaments with networks of actin and myosin that bring about movement or contraction
Muscle tissue
Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.
Cytoskeletons
Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. A boundary forming tissue
Epithelial tissues
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simples of epithelia. Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration sites where protection is not important is not important. Can be found in air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, etc.
Simple squamous
Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Secretions and absorption. Can be found in Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei. Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. Can be found in stomach to rectum, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands
Simple columnar
Single layer of cells of differing heights, nuclei seen at different levels and may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. It secretes substances, particularly mucus. Can be found in Ciliated variety lines in trachea.
Pseudostratified columnar
Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. It protects the underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Can be found in moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina.
stratified squamous
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. It stretches readily and permits stored urine to distend urinary organ. Can be found in lines of uterer, bladder, and part of the urethra.
Transitional
Produce hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs.
Endocrine
Secrete their products onto body surface or into body cavities, include liver, pancreas, and salivary glands among others
Exocrine
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations. It involves with voluntary movement, locomotion, etc. Found in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally, to skin
Skeletal muscle
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions. As it contracts, it propels blood into circulation. Can be found in the walls of the heart
Cardiac muscle
Cells are spindle-shaped with central nuclei. It propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control. Found in the walls of hollow organs.
Smooth muscle
Main component of the nervous system which regulates and controls body functions.
Nervous tissue
Continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least two (2) primary tissue types.
Membrane
Membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior
Mucous membrane
Membrane that covers the body surface
Cutaneous membrane
Membrane that lines body cavities that are close to the exterior
Serous membrane
