Anatomy and Physiology | Module 1 & 2 Flashcards
This discipline studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
Physiology
This is the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even through the outside world changes continuously.
Homeostasis
This anatomical position, has the individual laying on their back with their face and abdomen facing upwards.
Supine
This anatomical plane is a vertical plane which divides the body into its anterior and posterior parts.
Coronal or Frontal
This anatomical plane is a horizontal plane and divides the body into its superior and inferior parts.
Transverse
This directional term refers to structures that are situated on the same side of the body (left or right); or of affecting the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
What is the layman’s term for clavicle?
Collarbone
What is the layman’s term for the buccal region?
Cheeks
What is the anatomical term for the arm pit?
Axillary region
What is the anatomical term for the calf?
Sural region
What is the layman’s terms for the umbilical region?
Navel or Bellybutton
This is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships.
Anatomy
This is the reaction when acids and bases mix.
Neutralization reaction
What are the 3 main parts of the cell?
The Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Plasma Membrane
This refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume
Tonicity
These are substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells
Extracellular Materials
This forms the “fabric” of the membrane
Membrane Lipids
This are protein structures that allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells
Cell junctions
What is the Membrane Potential?
This is also termed as ‘voltage.’ It is the electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.
These are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
This is a type of feedback loop in which the initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
This is the inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment– which may be due to aging or diseases.
Homeostatic Imbalance
What is the highest level of structural organization?
Organismal level
This is a regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme 2) Ion channel.
G-protein
What is the Cytoplasm?
This is the jelly-like cell material packed with organelles. It is the site of most cellular activities.
This is a system of organelles that work together mainly to: produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances. (Includes the Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, etc.)
Endomembrane system
Control center of the cell and contains instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.
Nucleus
Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane. It increases the cell surface and are most often found in absorptive cells in the intestine and kidney.
Microvilli
_________ is the segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.
Gene
_________ are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related functions.
Tissues
These are sheets of cells that cover the body surface or lines the body cavity; a boundary-forming tissue.
Epithelial tissue
This is a type of epithelial tissue whose main function is to secrete, absorb and protect. It is a single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical nuclei.
Simple cuboidal
This type of tissue mainly connects body parts; however, also functions for binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.
Connective Tissue
These are well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement– it possesses myofilaments with networks of actin and myosin that bring about movement or contraction.
Muscle Tissues
These are spindle shaped cells with a central nuclei– mostly found in the walls of hollow organs. Its main function is to propel substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.
Smooth muscle
This is the main component of the nervous system (brain , spinal cord and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions.
Nervous Tissue
This refers to the process of nuclear division, it is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells.
Mitosis
_________ is a term referring to ‘programmed cell death.’ It rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span.
Apoptosis
This is a type of passive membrane transport which diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)
Simple Diffusion
This is a type of endocytosis, wherein a large external particle becomes surrounded by a pseudopod; thus, becoming enclosed in a vesicle. Otherwise known as “cell eating.”
Phagocytosis
What is Contact Signaling?
It is when cells come together, touch and recognize one another. This is useful in development and immunity.
This system is the external covering of the body, including the: Skin, Hair and Fingernails.
Integumentary System
_____________ is a requirement for life. It is the ability to respond and appropriately react to changes from the external environment.
Responsiveness or Excitability
This is a vertical plane which passes through the midline of the body, and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves (right and left).
Median or Midsagittal plane
What is the layman’s term for antebrachial?
Forearm
This is an organelle in the cytoplasm that modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids. They are stacked, flattened membranous sacs that are associated with tiny membranous vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
It is a series of changes that a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.
The Cell Cycle
What is the Interphase?
The period from cell formation to cell division
____________ provides identity molecules for specific biological markers.
Glycocalyx
It is the diffusion of a solvent (water) through a membrane.
Osmosis
