Anatomy and Physiology Module 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structure of the body and its parts
Physiology
the study of how the parts function and work together to make the human body the wonder that it is
Developmental Anatomy
the study of the changes that begin in the human body at conception and proceed into adulthood
Embryology
the subdivision of developmental anatomy that covers the first 8 weeks following conception
Surface Anatomy
used for diagnosis
ex. when a physician feels your skin to determine if glands are swollen or if there are suspicious lumps on the body
Regional Anatomy
analysis of specific parts of the body
Gross Anatomy
gross = large
the study of systems you can see
aka = macroscopic anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
the study of structures so small you are required to use a microscope to see them
Systemic Anatomy
anatomy of organ systems – groups of organs related by shared functions (ex. digestive system)
Comparative Anatomy
The anatomy of nonhuman species and it can be used to assist in the study of the human body
Organ System
a group of organs that work together to perform related functions
Skeletal System
the bones in your body and their cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It provides support, gives shape, and allows the body to move. It also provides blood cells
Nervous System
the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and all sensory receptors, including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
Circulatory System
composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. transports gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and other molecules.
Respiratory System
contains lungs, respiratory passages, and diaphram. it enables the exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air
Digestive System
includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix, and rectum
Muscular System
consists of the muscles of the body. it powers the movement of the skeleton and maintains posture.
Integumentary System
consists of skin, hair, sweat glands, oil glands, and nails. it regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, and produces Vitamin D
Lymphatic System
consists of the spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. (the immune system)
Urinary System
kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. it removes waste from the body
Endocrine System
organs that secrete hormones: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
Reproductive System
made of:
female: ovaries, vagina, uterus, and mammary glands
male: testes, penis, prostate glands, and other internal organs
Organ
a group of tissues specialized for a particular function
Tissues
groups of cells forming various building materials of the body
4 types: nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial
Nervous Tissue
makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscular Tissue
comprises the muscles so the skeleton can move, heart can beat, and internal organs can push food along
Connective Tissue
make up bone cartilage, deep skin layers, and binds between organs
Epithelial Tissue
the surface of skin; lining of respiratory passages, digestive tracts, urinary tract, and reproductive tracts
Cell
the basic unit of life
Organelles
little organs made of molecules
Homeostasis
a state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions
Set Point
ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are acceptable to the body
Stress
a factor that causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostatic set point
Control Center
the part of the body that recieves information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalance
Receptor
a structure in the body that monitors the values of the body’s variables
Effector
a structure in the body that can change in the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center
Negative-Feedback System
a control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body’s organ systems. reverses the original stress
