ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II Flashcards
15) Without the aid of reference, match the system of
the body to its function without error. (0919-TRNG-2004h)
a. Functions. The neurological system has three main
functions; sensory, integrative, and motor functions.
(1) Sensory. Afferent (input) nerves detect
internal/external stimuli and bring information to the central
nervous system.
(2) Integrative. Integrative nerves collect, analyze,
and store sensory information. These nerves make up the
majority of the neurons of the body.
(3) Motor. Efferent nerves carry information out of the
brain and spinal cord to the intended target, the target may be a muscle, gland, or organ.
(2) Without the aid of reference, differentiate between
the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. (0919-
TRNG-2004h)
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS).
** (1) CNS. **The central nervous system (CNS) includes the
brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is complex and is the base of the nervous system.
(2) PNS. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is
considered anything outside of the CNS, cranial nerves, and
their branches and sensory receptors.
(3) Without the aid of reference, identify breathing
components without error. (0919-TRNG-2004h)
** Breathing**
** (1) Inspiration. **When a person breaths “in” it is
considered inhalation. During inhalation the diaphragm
contracts and air rushes in due to negative pressure. The
abdominals push out anteriorly.
(2) Expiration. When a person breaths “out” it is
considered expiration. Expiration is considered passive in
normal breathing, this occurs with the diaphragm relaxing. The abdominals draw back in.
** (3) Exercise breathing. **During activity, the body
employs other muscles to increase oxygen volume into the lungs. The intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene muscles are used to increase inspiration. During activity other muscles are employed to help with expiration: abdominal muscles (all), and intercostal muscles contract.
(4) Without the aid of reference, identify the
components of the nervous system without error. (0919-TRNG2004o)
Autonomic nervous system
** (1) Sympathetic nervous system.** The sympathetic nervous system is commonly known as “the fight or flight response.” It can accelerate heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. It decreases intestinal and glandular activity.
** (2) Parasympathetic nervous system**. The parasympathetic nervous system is the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system and is commonly known as the, “feed and breed.” It will increase intestinal and glandular activity. It will decrease
heart rate, increase vessel size, and decrease blood pressure.
(5) Without the aid of reference, define VO2 max without
error. (0919-TRNG-2004q)
VO2 Max. A high correlation has been shown between VO2 max and aerobic endurance events. VO2 max is a measure of maximum volume of oxygen that can be used. As the effort increases, so does the demand of oxygen. While endurance training programs should focus on increasing VO2 max, other factors include lactate threshold, biomechanics, high efficiency of using fat for energy, and a high percentage of Type I fibers.
(6) Without the aid of reference, define lactate
threshold without error. (0919-TRNG-2004r)
Lactate Threshold. Lactate threshold is the rapid accumulation of blood lactate above base concentration.
(1) Athletes with similar VO2 max values, able to
sustain aerobic energy production at the highest percentage of his/her VO2 max values without accumulating large amounts of lactic acid in muscle and blood, will usually be superior. Some studies have shown that lactate threshold is a better measure of aerobic endurance performance.
(2) Lactate accumulation
not the cause of soreness or
fatigue.
(7) Without the aid of reference, identify the
components that are involved in the circulation of blood in the
human body. (0919-TRNG-2004t)
(1) Start. We will start this discussion with the blood
starting in the left ventricle. The blood in the left ventricle
is oxygenated, typically shown in RED. That blood will exit out of the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the entire body until it reaches the capillaries. Oxygenated blood is carried by arteries. Exception: the pulmonary artery contains deoxygenated blood.
(2) Exchange. Once the oxygenated blood reaches the
capillaries, exchange is ready to occur. Around the entire
body, the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen is necessary to maintain function. In order for carbon dioxide to be removed, it passes across the walls of the capillaries into the blood stream. This is where Red (oxygenated) blood transfers to Blue (de-oxygenated) blood which is carrying carbon dioxide. This is easily seen in the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
(3) Return. Once the oxygen is released into the target
tissue through the capillaries, the blood is ready to return to
the heart and lungs for re-oxygenation. The blood returns
through the right atrium into the heart.
(8) Without the aid of refernce, idenify the normal
range for blood pressure without error. (0919-TRNG-2004u)
(2) Blood pressure.
Blood pressure is a variable and can increase due to exercise where the cardiac output increases thus forcing more blood through the arteries, or by altering the peripheral resistance. This occurs by vasoconstriction, increasing in blood viscosity (thickness) and changing in shape or size of the vessels. The regulation of blood pressure is the responsibility of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
