anatomy and physiology chapter 1-4 Flashcards
metabolism
10 charachteristics of life
10 Characteristics of life
movement, responsiveness, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment
receptors
provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus - when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms
control center
includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms
effectors
elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment and change is corrected; component of homeostatic mechanisms
negative feedback
mechanism in which a change in the body is recognized and compared against the accepted homeostatic value (set point), if the change is too far away from the set point value the body creates a response to return the internal environment to homeostasis
positive feedback
mechanism in which a change in the body occurs that requires a temporary but immediate response, that response involves allowing the body to deviate from the set point value in order to correct an error somewhere; once the error is corrected, the body quickly returns to homeostasis
axial
portion of the body that includes the head & trunk
appendicular
portion of the body that includes the upper & lower limbs
cranial cavity
cavity that contains the brain
spinal cavity
aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae
thoracic cavity
the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart
abdominal cavity
the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines
pelvic cavity
the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine
abdominopelvic cavity
both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine
parietal serous membranes
line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
visceral serous membranes
cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
serous fluid
fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction
pleural membranes
parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs
pericardial membranes
parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface
pleural cavity
the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
pericardial cavity
the potential space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
peritoneal membranes
membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside
integumentary system
[1] system that covers the body
skeletal system
[1] system that is composed of bones and the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together
muscular system
[1] system that includes all the muscles of the body
nervous system
[1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
endocrine system
[1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones
digestive system
[1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed
respiratory system
[1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air
cardiovascular system
[1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts
lymphatic system
[1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen
anatomical position
position where you are standing erect, with the face forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms forward
superior
means a part above another part, or closer to the head
inferior
means a part below another part, or toward the feet
anterior
(or ventral) means toward the front
posterior
(or dorsal) means toward the back
medial
relates to an imaginary midline that divides the body into equal right & left halves; a part is _____ if it is closer to the midline that another part
lateral
means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline
proximal
describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part
distal
describes a part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part
peripheral
means outward or near the surface
sagittal
refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body intro right & left portions
midsagittal
term that refers to the midline, the line that divides the body into equal parts
transverse
horizontal, refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
10 Characteristics of Life?
Absorbtion
Requirements of an organisim?
Water, food, oxygen, heat & pressure.
levels of organization?
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue,organ, organ system, organisim
Structure that provides info about conditions in the internal environment?
Receptor
An atom that has lost or gained electrons?
Ion
What reaction is: A+B=AB?
Synthesis reaction
Chemicals that resist change in ph?
Buffers
Organic substances always contain what 2 elements?
Hydrogen and Carbon
What reaction is: AB=A+B?
Decomposition Reaction
What reaction is: AB+CD=AD+BC?
Exchange reaction
Attached to the surface of the ER is?
Ribosomes
If the concentration of glucose is higher in the water outside of a cell, what happens to the water inside?
It leaves the cell by osmosis.
Phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Apoptosis is…
A form of cell death
Anabolisim is?
The buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy
Enzymes enable chemical reactions in organisims to proceed fast enough to sustain life by…
Sending ATP out of cells
Anatomy
Morphology & observation
Physiology
Function & experimentation
Matter
anything that has weight and takes up space
Most abundant elements in living organisims?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Elements
composed of atoms
An atom consists of?
protons, neutrons (nucleus) and electrons
Elecrtically nuteral atom
Equal number of of protons and electrons
Atomic number
of protons
Atomic weight
of protons + neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same atomic number but diffrent atomic weight
Molecule
Formed when 2 or more atoms combine
Compound
Atoms of diffrent elements combinng
inert
elements that have thier outermost shells filled
ionic bond
oppositley charged ions attracting
covalent bonds
When atoms share an electron
polar molecule
electons are not shared equally in a bond
hydrogen bond
weak bonds
catalyst
influence the speed of a reaction
electrolytes
substances that release ions in water
acids
electrolytes that release hydrogen in water
bases
electrolytes release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water
pH
the concentration of hydrogen ions in water
neutral solution
pH of 7
Acidic solution
pH less than 7
Basic solution
pH more than 7
organic compounds
contain hydrogen and carbon
saturated fat
fatty acids with hydrogen at every position along the carbon chain
unsaturated fat
double bonds
What denatures protiens?
pH, heat, radiation, or chemicals
RNA
functions in protien synthesis
DNA
stores molecular code in genes
