Anatomy and Physiology Basics CH. 1 Flashcards
Subdivisions within Anatomy and Physiology, Body Systems, feedback systems, life functions, and homeostasis
Anatomy
The study of the structures of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Physiology
The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Gross Anatomy
Studied using both invasive and noninvasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the macroscopic structure and organization of organs and organ systems. It can be studied with the naked eye
Regional Anatomy
All structures are in one part of the body
Systematic Anatomy
Gross anatomy of the body studied by systems
Surface Anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissue
Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryology
The study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Pathological Anatomy
study of structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic Anatomy
study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans
Molecular Biology
study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
Cell Physiology
function of the cell
Special Physiology
Physiology of specific organs
Systematic Physiology
Physiology of systems
Pathological Physiology
Effects of disease on organs and system function
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical – Cellular – Tissue – Organ – Organ System– Organism
Integumentary System
External body covering. Skin, Sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails. Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal System
Bone cartilage and ligaments. Protects and supports body organs. Framework for muscles. Stores minerals and makes blood
Muscular System
Muscles and tendons. Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintains posture. produces heat
Nervous System
Brain, Spinal cord, and Nerves. Control system of the body.
CNS
Central Nervous System
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Heart and Blood vessels. The heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Lymphatic System
Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. picks up leaked fluid and returns it to the blood. disposed of debris. houses white blood cells
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Keeps blood supplies with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver. Breaks down food into units that enter the blood. Eliminates indigestible foodstuff as feces
Urinary/Renal System
Kidneys, Uterers, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra. Eliminates wastes from the body. Regulates water and electrolytes, and PH balance of the blood
Male Reproductive System
Prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens. testes produce sperm and male hormones (testosterone, xy). ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Female Reproductive System
Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina. ovaries produce eggs and female hormones (estrogen, progesterone, xx). site of fertilization and development of fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn.
Responsiveness
Ability to sense change in the environment and respond to it
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuff
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion
Removal of waste from the body
Cellular Reproduction
original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organismal Reproduction
sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
Growth
Increase in size of a body part or of the organism
Homeostasis
ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
Receptor
monitors the environment and responds to the changes (stimuli)
Control Center
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector
provides the means to respond to stimuli
Negative Feedback System
the input shuts off the original stimulus
Positive Feedback System
the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis of the body’s normal equilibrium
