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a level pe > anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

when the ventricles relax and fill up with blood

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2
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

when the ventricles contract and release blood

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3
Q

what is blood pressure

A

is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body.

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4
Q

identify the order in which a cardiac impulse travels

A

from the sinoatrial node, the electrical impulse spreads through the walls of the atria, causing the atrial systole to contract, impulse then travels through the atrioventricular node where it is delayed to enable the atria to contract fully before ventricular systole begins
finally the impulse then travels through the bundle of His, which branches into two bundle branches, and into the purkinje fibres, which spread throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract

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5
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system

A

when the heart beats blood has to flow in a controlled manner, in through the atria and out through the ventricles. heart muscle is described as being myogenic as the beat starts in the haert muscle itself with an electrical signal in the sinoatrial node. this signal then spreads through the heart in what is described as a wave of excitation.

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6
Q

define myogenic

A

muscle tissue

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7
Q

define sinoatrial node

A

a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium, and generates the heart beat, known as the pacemaker

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8
Q

define atrioventricular node

A

relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart.

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9
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

stimulates the heart to beat faster

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10
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

returns the heart to its resting level

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11
Q

what are both nervous systems coordinated by and where is it located

A

the medulla oblongata of the brain

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12
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive

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13
Q

what is the cardiac control centre stimulated by

A

chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

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14
Q

function of the Chemoreceptors

A

detects chemical changes such as an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood, then stimulates the CCC, then goes through the sympathetic system and goes to the SAN to increase heart rate.

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15
Q

function of the Baroreceptors

A

detects an increase in blood pressure, goes to CCC, then through the parasympathetic system to the SAN to decrease heart rate

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16
Q

function of the Proprioreceptors

A

detects an increase in muscle movement, goes to CCC, then through the sympathetic system then the SAN increases heart rate.

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17
Q

Describe the Hormonal control mechanism

A

the release of adrenaline is a stress hormone which is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerves during exercise. stimulating the SAN, resulting in an increase in both the force and speed of a contraction. which increases cardiac output, therefore more blood is being pumped to the muscles to receive the oxygen they need.

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18
Q

where is adrenaline produced

A

adrenal glands

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19
Q

Define stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction/per beat

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20
Q

state the approximate resting Stroke volume

A

70ml

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21
Q

what affect does venous return have on stroke volume

A

when venous return increases, stroke volume also increases.

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22
Q

stroke volume also depends on the elasticity of cardiac fibres, why is this?

A

the more cardiac muscles can stretch, the greater the force of contraction. because as it is stretching during the diastole phase it is filled up with more blood.

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23
Q

what does a greater force of contraction increase, and what is it known as

A

ejection fraction, starlings law

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24
Q

define ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood pumped out by left ventricle per beat

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25
Q

define venous return

A

return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

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26
Q

what is starlings law

A

increased venous return leads to greater diastolic filling of the heart which means the cardiac muscle stretches equalling a more forceful contraction leading to an increased ejection fraction

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27
Q

how does the contractility of cardiac tissue affect stroke volume and ejection fraction

A

the greater the contractility of cardiac tissue, the greater the force of contraction. which results in an increase in both stroke volume and ejection fraction

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28
Q

define heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats per minute, average is approx 72 beats

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29
Q

how does heart rate respond to exercise

A

heart rate increases with exercise, but how much it increases depends on the intensity of the exercise. heart rate will increase in direct proportion to exercise intensity, the higher the intensity the higher the heart rate. however the heart does have a maximum rate that it can reach.

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30
Q

how can you calculate your maximum heart rate

A

220 - your current age

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31
Q

define cardiac hypertrophy

A

when the heart becomes bigger and stronger due to the thickening of the muscular wall

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32
Q

how do the cardiac muscles obtain hypertrophy

A

through regular aerobic exercises, as cardiac muscles get bigger and stronger

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33
Q

define bradycardia

A

when the resting heart rate is below 60bpm

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34
Q

what causes bradycardia

A

due to the muscles getting bigger and stronger, more blood will be pumped out per beat, therefore the heart does not have to pump as often so the heart can beat fewer times and still pump around the same amount of blood

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35
Q

what does bradycardia do

A

oxygen delivery to the muscles improve as there are less contractions needed to pump oxygen around the body.

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36
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected by the heart ventricles per minute

37
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

38
Q

what are the units for cardiac output

A

ml, millilitres

39
Q

how does cardiac output respond to exercise

A

during exercise there is a large increase in cardiac output due to an increase in heart rate and an increase in stroke volume.
cardiac out put will increase as the intensity of exercise increases until maximum intensity is reached. then it plateaus.

40
Q

what is heart disease and how does it occur e.g CHD

A

coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscles with oxygenated blood become blocked or start to narrow due a gradual build up of fatty deposits.

41
Q

an extension to the question before, what is the process that causes the blockage of the coronary arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

42
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

when arteries harden, narrow and clog up due to the build of fatty deposits

43
Q

name 3 factors that can cause Atherosclerosis

A 
Any 3 From:
High Blood Pressure
High Levels Of Cholesterol
Lack Of Exercise
Smoking
44
Q

what affect does high blood pressure have on the body

A

puts extra strain on the arteries and heart and if left untreated it increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia

45
Q

what are the risks increased by high blood pressure

state 3

A 
Any 3 From:
heart attack
heart failure
kidney disease
stroke
dementia
46
Q

what can you do to decrease high blood pressure, and how does this happen.

A

regular aerobic exercise can decrease blood pressure by lowering the systolic and diastolic pressure. which reduces the risk of a heart attack

47
Q

name the two types of cholesterol

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

48
Q

Define LDL cholesterol

A

transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and is classed as ‘bad’ cholesterol, since it is linked to an increased risk of heart disease

49
Q

Define HDL cholesterol

A

transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down. classed as ‘good’ cholesterol as they lower the risk of developing heart disease

50
Q

What does Regular physical activity do to these types of cholesterol

A

lowers LDL cholesterol levels and increases HDL cholesterol levels.

51
Q

How does a stroke occur

A

when the blood supply to part of a brain is cut off, causing damage to brain cells as they begin to die.

52
Q

what can stroke lead to, state 2

A

any 2 from:
brain injury
disability
death

53
Q

what are the two main types of stroke

A

Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic

54
Q

how do ischaemic strokes occur

A

when a blood clot stops blood supply (most common form of stroke)

55
Q

how do haemorrhagic strokes occur

A

when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

56
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

a progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, with a progressive rise in heart rate.

57
Q

how does cardiovascular drift occur

A

it occurs during prolonged exercise in a warm environment, despite the intensity of the exercise remaining the same

58
Q

Why does this happen

A

a reduction in plasma volume occurs from the increased sweating response of the body and this reduces venous return and stroke volume, heart rate then increases to maintain cardiac output

59
Q

what is the function of the veins

A

veins transport deoxygenated blood to the heart

60
Q

name 3 properties of veins

A 
any 3 from:
wider lumen
thinner muscle
elastic tissue layers
blood is at low pressure
they have valves
61
Q

what is the function of valves

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

62
Q

how many valves can you name, at least 2

A

any 2 from:
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
semilunar valve

63
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart and around the body

64
Q

name 3 properties of arteries

A 
any 3 from:
smaller lumen
smooth inner layer
elastic outer walls
thick layers of muscle
thick
high pressure of blood
65
Q

what is the function of the capillaries

A

to slow down blood flow and allow the exchange of nutrients with tissues to take place by diffusion

66
Q

why are capillaries only 1 cell thick

A

to allow one blood cell to pass through at a given time, to increase the efficiency of diffusion

67
Q

what is the formula for Blood pressure

A

Blood Flow x Resistance

68
Q

what are the units for Blood pressure

A

mmHg, millimetres of mercury

69
Q

what are the active mechanisms for venous return

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump
Pocket Valves

70
Q

What the factors that help venous return

A

gravity helps the blood return to the heart from the upper part of the body
very thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins, helps squeeze blood back towards the heart

71
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump

A

when muscles contract and relax, they change shape, this change in shape means that the muscles press on nearby veins causing a pumping effect and squeezes blood towards the heart

72
Q

what is the respiratory pump

A

when muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. these pressure changes compress the nearby veins and assist blood return o the heart.

73
Q

the function of pocket valves

A

it is important that blood in the veins only flows in one direction. the presence of valves ensures that this happens. this is because once the blood has passed through the valves, they close to prevent the blood flowing back.

74
Q

what is the impact of blood pressure on venous return

A

when systolic blood pressure increases, there is also an increase in venous return as the pressure in the blood vessels is higher so the blood travels quicker. when systolic blood pressure decreases, there is a decrease in venous return as the pressure in various blood vessels have dropped so blood flow slows down.

75
Q

increasing right atrial pressure decreases venous return, what happens when you decrease right atrial pressure

A

venous return increases

76
Q

how much of oxygen dissolves into plasma, and how much binds with haemoglobin

A

3 percent dissolves into plasma

97 percent binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

77
Q

what is the release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin to the tissues referred to as

A

oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

78
Q

where is oxygen stored in the muscle

A

Myoglobin

79
Q

why is oxygen stored in Myoglobin

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and will store the oxygen for the mitochondria until it is used by the muscles.

80
Q

what is Myoglobin

A

an iron containing muscle pigment made up of slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin.

81
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

where energy production occurs, and where respiration takes place

82
Q

what does oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve help us with

A

helps us understand how haemoglobin in our blood carries and releases oxygen, the curve represents the relationship between oxygen and haemoglobin.

83
Q

what happens to the curve during exercise and why

A

it shifts to the right, because when muscles require more oxygen, the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin in the blood capillaries to the muscle tissue occurs more readily, this shift is known as the Bohr shift.

84
Q

what is the Bohr shift

A

when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in blood pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

85
Q

Factors responsible for the increased dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin, which result in more oxygen being available for use in the working muscles and explain why.

A

increase in blood temperature - when blood and muscle temperature increases during exercise, oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin more readily.
partial pressure of blood carbon dioxide increases - as the level of blood carbon dioxide rises during exercise, oxygen will dissociate quicker from haemoglobin
blood Ph - more carbon dioxide will lower the pH in the body. A drop in pH in the body. A drop in pH will cause oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin more quickly.

86
Q

what is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output

87
Q

What does the Vascular shunt mechanism allow

A

more blood goes to the heart, because the heart muscle needs oxygen to beat faster and with more force
more blood goes to muscles, as they need more oxygen for energy and more blood is needed to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
more blood goes to the skin because energy is needed to cool the body down
Blood flow to the brain remains constant , as it needs oxygen for energy to maintain function.

88
Q

why is it important to not eat right before a workout

A

the gut must be empty because a full gut would result in more blood being directed to the stomach instead of the working muscles. this would have a detrimental effect on performance, as less oxygen is being made available.

a level pe (3 decks)

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