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x2 - Endocrine and Diabetes > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback inhibiting hormone secretion from endocrine target to anterior pituitary/hypothalamus

A

Long-loop feedback

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2
Q

Negative feedback inhibiting hormone secretion from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

A

Short-loop feedback

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3
Q

1st degree disorders are due to…

A

A defect in secretory cells

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4
Q

2nd degree disorders are due to…

A

Too much/ too little tropic hormone secreted from the pituitary gland

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5
Q

3rd degree disorders are due to…

A

Hypothalamic defects

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6
Q

Endocrine regions of the pancreas are called…

A

Islets of Langerhans

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7
Q

Rough normal blood glucose concentration

A

5 mmoles

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8
Q

Hypoglycaemia is blood glucose of…

A

<3mM

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9
Q

glucagon is produced by…

A

alpha cells in the islets of langerhans

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10
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by…

A

Amino acids and glucose in the blood

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11
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by…

A

Delta cells in the islets of langerhans

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12
Q

Function of somatostatin

A
  1. inhibits GI activity, slowing nutrient absorption

2. supresses release of insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

Net effect of the glucose counter-regulatory control system

A

Elevates blood glucose

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14
Q

Hormones making up the glucose counter-regulatory control system

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone

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15
Q

Hyperexcitation of neurons (possibly leading to tetany) is caused by…

A

Hypocalcaemia

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16
Q

Reduced neuron excitability depressing neuromuscular activity (triggering cardiac arrhythmias in extreme cases) is caused by…

A

Hypercalcaemia

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17
Q

Increasing plasma pH has what effect on [ca2+] plasma?

A

Alkalosis –> hypocalcaemia

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18
Q

Actions of 21-hydroxylase

A

Enzyme needed for synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol

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19
Q

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) are produced in the…

A

Zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex

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20
Q

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) are produced in the…

A

Zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex

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21
Q

Sex steroids are produced in which part of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

Catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine, dopamine) are produced in the…

A

Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

C (clear) cells of the thyroid secrete…

A

Calcitonin (Ca2+ regulating hormone)

24
Q

The pituitary gland is situated in a hollow of the sphenoid bone called the…

A

Sella turcica

25
Q

Which parts= of the pituitary gland is dark and which is light staining on H&E stain?

A 
Dark = anterior pituitary
Light = posterior pituitary
26
Q

3 Types of anterior pituitary cells and how they stain

A

Acidophils - pink
Basophils - light purple
Chromophobic - pale

27
Q

Arterial blood supply to the anterior pituitary

A

Superior hypophysial artery

28
Q

Arterial blood supply to the posterior pituitary

A

Inferior hypophysial artery

29
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary through the…

A

Infundibulum

30
Q

Vertebral level of the thyroid

A

C5 - T1

31
Q

The thyroid is located between which cartilages?

A

Cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

32
Q

The isthmus lies opposite which tracheal rings?

A

2nd - 4th

33
Q

Which nerve runs between the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

34
Q

Which nerve runs beside the superior thyroid artery

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

35
Q

Acidophils secrete which anterior pituitary hormones?

A

GH and prolactin

36
Q

Basolphils secrete which anterior pituitary hormones?

A

ACTH,
TSH,
FSH,
LH

37
Q

Embryological origin of the adrenal cortex

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

Embryological origin of the adrenal medulla

A

Neuroectoderm

39
Q

Thyroglobulin is secreted in…

A

The follicular cell

it is then exocytosed into the colloid where it is iodinated

40
Q

Specific action of TSH

A

catalyses endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin into the follicular cell

41
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported in the blood

A

Bound to thyroxine-binding globulin

has a higher affinity for T4

42
Q

Where is the thyroid hormone receptor located

A

In the target cell

higher affinity for T3 so most T4 is converted by deiodinase before/after entering the cell

43
Q

Action of thyroid peroxidase

A

oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the colloid

44
Q

IGF-1 is secreted by…

+ action

A

Secreted by the liver stimulated by GH

inhibits release of GH and GHRH

45
Q

Synthesis of calcitriol

A

Vitamin D converted to 25(OH)D3 in the liver

25(OH)D3 converted to Calcitriol by the kidney
stimulated by prolactin and PTH

46
Q

General action of calcitriol

A

increases plasma calcium

47
Q

General action of PTH

A

increases plasma calcium

48
Q

The thyroid produces …….. in response to high plasma calcium

A

calcitonin

increases renal calcium excretion

49
Q

The kidney converts 25(OH)D3 to……

A

Calcitriol

50
Q

Hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary in the…

A

hypophyseal portal system

51
Q

ACTH release is stimulated by…

A

CRH

52
Q

The posterior pituitary produces

A

Oxytocin

ADH

53
Q

Basis of large vessel disease in diabetes mellitus

A

LDL is glycated
Glycated LDL is not removed from plasma by liver cells
causes hyperlipidaemia + atherosclerosis

54
Q

Basis of small vessel disease in diabetes mellitus

A

glycosylation of basal lamina proteins thickens the basal lamina –> narrowed arteriole + ischaemia

55
Q

Effects of insulin

A 
increased glucose uptake by cells
Glycogen synthesis
Triacylglycerol synthesis
increased amino acid uptake
protein synthesis
stimulates Na/KATPase --> increased potassium uptake
56
Q

Specific action of insulin on fat and muscle cells

A

binds to tyrosine kinase receptors –> recruits GLUT4 transporters

57
Q

action of insulin on liver cells

A

(only effective in the fed state)

insulin activates hexokinase –> lowers intracellular glucose –> glucose enters cell via GLUT 2

x2 - Endocrine and Diabetes (1 decks)

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