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Alimentary System > Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 layers of the alimentary. canal.

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, serosa (adventitia)

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2
Q

What kind of epithelium is in peritoneum?

A

Squamous

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3
Q

Name 4 organs described as retroperitoneal

A

Ascending colon, descending colo, kidneys, pancreas

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4
Q

Name 4 intraperitoneal organs

A

Transvers colon, sigmoid colon, stomach, spleen

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5
Q

What is the order of the three main arteries supplying alimentary canal from top to bottom?

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

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6
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Stomach, SI, Pancreas, Liver - SSPL

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7
Q

What does the superior mesenteric supply?

A

SI, Cecum, Ascending colon, transverse colon - SCAT

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8
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric supply?

A

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum - DSR

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9
Q

Where does all lymph of GI tract drain into?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric. Cysterna chyli and into thoracic duct.

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10
Q

What week is gastrulation?

A

Week 3

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11
Q

During gastrulation what layer forms the GIT?

A

Endoderm

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12
Q

Name organs of the foregut

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, proximal half of duodenum

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13
Q

Name organs of the midgut

A

Distal half of duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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14
Q

Name organs of the hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transversals colon to rectum

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15
Q

When does the foregut form?

A

Week 4 (90 degree rotation along longitudinal axis then ant-post rotation)

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16
Q

When does the pancreas and spleen form?

A

Week 5

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17
Q

Name forgut anomalies

A

Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula, annular pancreas

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18
Q

When does the midgut form?

A

Week 6 ( elongation, rotation and herniation)

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19
Q

What happens to the intestinal loop during the 10th week?

A

Moves into abdominal cavity

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20
Q

Name midgut anomalies

A

Omphalocele, gastroschisis, Meckel’s diverticulum

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21
Q

When does hindgut form?

A

End of week 7

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22
Q

Name hindgut anomalies

A

Urorectal fistula, rectoanal fistula, rectovaginal fistula, imperforate anus

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23
Q

Know the quadrants of the abdomen

A

R. hypochondrium, epigastric, L.hypochondrium, R. lumbar, periumbilical, L. lumbar, R.iliac fossa, hypogastrium, L. iliac fossa

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24
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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25
Q

What forms the triangle of calot?

A

Cystic artery, cystic duct, common hepatic duct

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26
Q

What plane does the pancreas lie along?

A

Transpyloric

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27
Q

What is the surface landmark of the spleen?

A

Left hypochondrium, 9-11 ribs

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28
Q

What parts of the small intestine has a thin wall, less blood vessels and lots of Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum

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29
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric, hepatic, splenic

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30
Q

What vertebral levels do the 3 main vessels arise?

A

Celiac trunk = T12
Sup. mesenteric = L1
Inf. mesenteric = L3

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31
Q

What does the sup. mesenteric, inf. mesenteric and splenic veins join to form?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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32
Q

Give examples of portocaval shunts

A

Haemorrhoids, oesophageal varices, caput. medusae

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33
Q

What causes referred pain?

A

Visceral sensory fibres referred to appropriate dermatome

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34
Q

Describe an example of somatic system involvement in refereed pain

A

Inflammed gall bladder detected by C3,4 and 5 since. C4 has two areas

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35
Q

What is the PNS supply of abdominal organs?

A

Vagus

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3&4)

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36
Q

Whats is the SNS supply of the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexus

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37
Q

What is Macburney’s point?

A

Site of max tenderness in acute appendicitis

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38
Q

What are the four F’s associated with gallstones?

A

Fatty, Fertile, Female and Forty

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39
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

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40
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

A

Serosa has peritoneum, Adventitia doesn’t

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41
Q

What epithelium is found in oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous, non-keratinised

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42
Q

What. epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

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43
Q

In which organs are glands found in the submucosa?

A

Oesophagus and duodenum (Brunner’s glands)

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44
Q

What do glands in the stomach mucosa secrete and by what cells?

A

Parietal cells = gastric acid

Chief cells = pepsin

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45
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

SI and ileum

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46
Q

What is distinctive in the large intestine?

A

Deep crypts and no villi

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47
Q

What shows high density (white) in abdominal x-rays?

A

Bone, stones, metal, NG tubes

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48
Q

What shows low density (black) in abdominal x-rays?

A

Air, fat, bowel gas

49
Q

What shows medium density (grey) in abdominal x-rays?

A

Soft-tissue, liver, spleen, kidneys, psoas

50
Q

What is an abdominal x-ray good at showing?

A

Obstruction (NB: if air in rectum then no obstruction)

51
Q

What is the rule for determining and obstruction on x-ray?

A 
<3cm = SI
<6cm = LI
<9cm = Caecum
52
Q

What can cause obstruction in SI?

A

Cancer, adhesions, IBD strictures, gallstone ileus

53
Q

What nervous supply and specific cranial nerves cause increased salivation?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system (VII and IX)

54
Q

What nervous supply decreases secretion?

A

Sympathetic nervous system (superior cervical ganglion)

55
Q

What is the function of the PNS (vagus) in the GI tract?

A

Increase secretion and motility

56
Q

What is the function of the SNS (splanchnic nn) in the GI tract?

A

Decrease secretion and motility

57
Q

What are the plexuses of the ENS?

A

Submucosal and myenteric

58
Q

What two organs are in a series?

A

Liver and gut

59
Q

What monomers and bonds form starch and glycogen?

A

Glucose and a-1, 4-glycosidic bonds

60
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

a-amylase (straight chains) and amylopectin (branched)

61
Q

What bonds are found in cellulose?

A

b-1,4- glycosidic bonds

62
Q

What breaks down and hydrolyses starch and glucose respectively?

A

a-amylase

63
Q

What monomers form lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

64
Q

What monomers form sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

65
Q

What monomers form maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

66
Q

Where are brush border enzymes found?

A

Start of duodenum

67
Q

What transporters are required to transport glucose across villi membrane?

A

SGLT-1, Glut-2, Na-K ATPase

68
Q

What transporters are required to transport fructose across villi membrane?

A

glut-5 and glut-2, not Na-K ATPase

69
Q

What transporters are required to transport AAs and small proteins across villi membrane?

A

SAAT1 and NA-K ATPase

70
Q

What transporters are required to transport di- and tripeptides across villi membrane?

A

PepT1 and H+ pump (NA-H Exchanger)

71
Q

Lipase breaks down triacylglycerol into what?

A

Monoglyceride and two FAs

72
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Break down of fats into droplets (increase SA)

73
Q

What is a micelle?

A

Bile salt + monoglyceride + fatty acids + phospholipids

74
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A,D,E,K

75
Q

Where is the 10% of iron absorbed daily ingested?

A

Duodenal enterocytes (via DMT1 transporter)

76
Q

What is the only nutrient controlled by the gut?

A

Iron

77
Q

Describe hyperaemia

A

increased ferritin (iron stores) = more iron bound in enterocytes

78
Q

Describe anaemia

A

Reduced ferritin = more iron released in blood

79
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

Water, Mucin, A-amylase, Lysozyme, Electrolytes

80
Q

Describe the saliva produced by the PNS.

A

Profuse and watery

81
Q

Describe the saliva produced by the SNS.

A

Small volume and viscous

82
Q

What is the function of the antrum of the stomach?

A

Gastrin, mixing/grinding (chyme)

83
Q

What releases pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

84
Q

What releases HCl and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

85
Q

Name 3 mechanisms of gastric acid secretion.

A

Neurocrine, endocrine and paracrine

86
Q

What is a Zymogen?

A

An inactive precursor

87
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Absorb vit b12

88
Q

What are the 2 phases of gastric acid secretion?

A

Cephalic (sight, smell, taste, gastrin/ACh) and gastric (distension of stomach, peptides in lumen, gastrin/Ach)

89
Q

What is the function of enterogastrones?

A

Response to acid, FAs or monglycerides in duodenum

90
Q

What prevents ulceration?

A

Gastrin, Histamine and Acetylcholine reduce pH

Prostaglandins switches of adenylate cyclase

91
Q

What does acid in duodenum trigger?

A

Long vagal and short ENS reflexes, secretin release to cause HCO3 secretion

92
Q

What produces peristaltic waves?

A

Pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer and basal electrical rhythm

93
Q

What are the main secretions of the pancreas?

A

Bicarbonate (duct cells) and digestive enzymes (acing cells)

94
Q

What stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas?

A

Secretin from acid in duodenum

95
Q

What stimulates digestive enzyme secretion from pancreas?

A

CCK from fat/AAs in duodenum

96
Q

What is the role of the sphincter of odd?

A

Controls delivery of pancreatic enzymes and bile into duodenum

97
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile

98
Q

What is the composition of bile?

A

Bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol, bile pigments, toxic metals, bicarbonate

99
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown product of Hb

100
Q

What are bile acids synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

101
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Acid neutralisation

102
Q

What is the role of CCK?

A

Fat/AA digestion

103
Q

What are the two types of intestinal movement?

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

104
Q

Motilin…

A

Increases migrating motility complex during peristalsis

105
Q

What do villi absorb?

A

NaCl, monosaccharides, AAs, peptides, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

106
Q

What do villi crypt cells secrete?

A

Cl and H20

107
Q

Where are tenai coli and haustra found?

A

Large intestine

108
Q

Describe the physiology of constipation.

A

NO absorption of toxins from feral material following long periods of retention. Due to distension of rectum.

109
Q

How does enterotoxigenic bacteria cause secretory diarrhoea?

A

Increase Cl and H2O secretion from crypts which swamps absorptive capacity of villus cells

110
Q

What is the treatment of secretory diarrhoea?

A

Na/glucose solution (drives H2O reabsorption, oral rehydration therapy

111
Q

What are the optimal conditions for pathogens in GIT?

A

pH >6 and slow transit time

112
Q

What happens when the GIT mucous layer barrier is disrupted?

A

Bacterial cells penetrate causing dysregulated immune response (inflammation)

113
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Added live bacteria

114
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Food for resident bacteria

115
Q

What happens when the normal GIT immune response goes wrong?

A

IBD and Coeliac disease

116
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Protein synthesis, metabolism of fat and carbs, detoxification fo drugs and toxins

117
Q

What hormone is most likely to be deficient after a gastrectomy?

A

Gastrin

118
Q

The excess production of which hormone is most likely to cause delayed gastric emptying with normal gastric mucosa?

A

Cholecystokinin

119
Q

The pH of gastric acid secretions is found to be 1 in patient X, what mechanism is responsible for this?

A

Hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase pumps

Alimentary System (2 decks)

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