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x2 - Head and Neck > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Borders of anterior triangle of the neck

A

Midline of the neck
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Mandible

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2
Q

Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior border of the trapezius
Clavicle

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3
Q

Function of the parathyroid

A

Regulates calcium and phosphate levels

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4
Q

Chorda tympani nerve

function and pathway

A

A branch of the facial nerve
Provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Carried in CrN. V3

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5
Q

Sensory and taste innervation to posterior 1/3rd of tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cr.N.IX)

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6
Q

Motor supply to all tongue muscles (except pataglossus)

A

Hypoglossal nerve (Cr.N.XII)

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7
Q

Nerve supply to oropharynx

A

pharyngeal plexus (Cr.N.IX – X)

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8
Q

Pharyngeal plexus

A

Cr.N.IX - X
sensory innervation of oropharynx and hypopharynx
Motor innervation of pataglossus

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9
Q

Sensory innervation of the nose

A

Mid-part + tip: Cr.N.V1

Sides: Cr.N.V2

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10
Q

the occipital protuberance is part of which bone

A

Occipital

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11
Q

The mastoid process is part of which bone

A

temporal

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12
Q

The zygomatic arch is made of which bones

A

Zygomatic and temporal

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13
Q

The styloid process is part of which bone

A

temporal

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14
Q

The occipital condyles are part of which bone

A

occipital

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15
Q

Which 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum

A

Spinal cord + medulla

Right + left vertebral arteries

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16
Q

The superior nuchal line is part of which bone

A

Occipital

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17
Q

What type of joint is most common between skull bones

A

Suture (fibrous joint)

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18
Q

5 layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose connective tissue (not visible)
Periosteum (not visible)
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19
Q

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present

A

Dense connective tissue

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20
Q

Why do scalp wounds bleed profusely

A

Dense connective tissue prevents vasoconstriction

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21
Q

Branches of the internal carotid artery

A

Supratrochlear artery

Supra-orbital artery

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22
Q

What is diploe

A

spongy cancellous bone in skull bones

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23
Q

location of the muscles of facial expression

A

within the superficial fascia of the face and neck

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24
Q

The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity through which foramen

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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25
Q

Where does the parotid gland open into the oral cavity

A

Opposite the second, maxillary, molar tooth

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26
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic to the parotid gland

A

parasympathetic: glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Sympathetic: external carotid nerve plexus

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27
Q

4 compartments of the neck

A

vertebral compartment
visceral compartment
vascular compartment
musculofascial compartment

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28
Q

Type of joint between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)

A

ellipsoid

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29
Q

type of joint between C1(atlas) and C2(axis) at the odontoid peg

A

pivot

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30
Q

Structures passing through the foramen transversarium

A

Vertebral artery and vein

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31
Q

contraction of right sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

head tilts to right

face turns to left

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32
Q

action of the trapezius

A

shoulder elevation

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33
Q

Attachments of the trapezius muscle

A

Occipital bone
Spinous processes C7 - T1
Lateral clavicles
Acromion spine of scapula

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34
Q

Contents of the carotid sheath

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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35
Q

level of bifurcation of the common carotid artery (in relation to other structures)

A

Superior border of the cricoid cartilage

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36
Q

which (internal or external) carotid artery is more lateral?

A

internal

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37
Q

where does the IJV emerge from the skull

A

the jugular foramen

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38
Q

Components of the thyroid

A

2 lobes + isthmus

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39
Q

level of the isthmus (in relation to other structures)

A

over the 1st tracheal ring

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40
Q

embryological formation of flat bones of the cranial vault

A

membranous ossification

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41
Q

embryological formation of irregular bones of the base of the skull

A

endochondral ossification

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42
Q

embryological formation of the skeleton of the face

A

Partly from branchial arches

Partly from sensory capsules

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43
Q

membrane covered spaces in the incompletely ossified skull of an infant

A

Fontanelles

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44
Q

2 bones forming the nasal septum

A

Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

(The vomer is inferior to and extends further anteriorly than the perpendicular plate)

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45
Q

Olfactory nerves pass through the…

A

Cribriform plate

Part of the ethmoid bone (but looks separate), forms the roof of the nasal cavity

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46
Q

The fold of dura mater that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres is called…

A

Falx cerebri

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47
Q

The falx cerebri attaches to the….

+where is it

A

Crista gali

Superior to the cribriform plate, just posterior to the frontal sinus

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48
Q

The superior and middle conchae/turbinates are formed from which bone

A

Ethmoid
(but are mostly cartilage so are rarely seen on a bony specimen)

((the inferior turbinates are formed by their own separate bone))

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49
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity is lined with…

A

olfactory mucosa

the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium

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50
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity is innervated by…

A

The olfactory nerve (CrN.I)

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51
Q

The space above the superior concha is called…

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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52
Q

What opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

the sphenoid sinus

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53
Q

What opens into the superior meatus

A

The posterior ethmoidal air cells

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54
Q

What opens into the middle meatus

A

The maxillary sinus
The frontal sinus
The anterior & middle ethmoidal air cells

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55
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus

A

The nasolacrimal duct

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56
Q

Innervation of the frontal sinus

57
Q

Innervation of the maxillary sinus

58
Q

Innervation of the sphenoid sinus

A

CrN.V1 and 2

59
Q

Innervation of the ethmoidal air cells

60
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx

61
Q

A collection of lymphoid tissue lies under the epithelium of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, they are called…

A

Adenoids

nasopharyngeal tonsils

62
Q

The tube connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear is called…

A

Eustachian tube

pharyngotympanic tube

63
Q

Muscle in the nasopharynx controlling opening of the eustachian tube…

A

Salpingopharyngeus muscle

contracts to open the eustachian tube

64
Q

Total number of deciduous…
Incisors:
Canines:
Molars:

A

Incisors: 8
Canines: 4
Molars: 8

TOTAL: 20

65
Q 
Total number of permanent:
Incisors:
Canines:
Premolars:
Molars:
A

Incisors: 8
Canines: 4
Premolars: 8
Molars: 12

TOTAL: 32

66
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint

A

Modified hinge type joint

67
Q

2 articular processes forming the TMJ

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Condylar process of the mandible

68
Q

Identification of the medial pterygoid

A

Runs parallel to the masseter

69
Q

Identification of the lateral pterygoid

A

Runs towards the TMJ

Has two heads

70
Q

Bony attachments of the temporalis muscle

A
  1. coronoid process of the mandible

2. temporal fossa

71
Q

Action of contraction of anterior fibres of the temporalis

A

elevates mandible

72
Q

Action of contraction of posterior fibres of the temporalis

A

retracts mandible

73
Q

Bony attachments of the masseter

A
  1. zygomatic arch

2. outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

74
Q

Attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A
  1. lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

2. neck of the mandible and articular disc of the TMJ

75
Q

Attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle

A
  1. Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

2. Medial surface of the ramus

76
Q

Action of contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles

A

Protraction of mandible

77
Q

Action of contraction of medial pterygoid muscles

A

Elevation of mandible

78
Q

Action of contraction of lateral and medial pterygoid muscles on the same side

A

Moves mandible to opposite side

79
Q

Muscles producing elevation of the mandible

A

Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis

80
Q

Muscles producing depression of the mandible

A

Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric

81
Q

Muscles producing protrusion of the mandible

A

Lateral pterygoid

82
Q

Muscles producing retraction of the mandible

A

Temporalis

83
Q

Muscles producing side to side movement of the mandible

A

Pterygoid muscles

84
Q

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CrN.V3) emerges from the cranial cavity through…

A

The oval foramen

85
Q

The area between the zygomatic arch and the pterygoid plates where…

  • CrN.V3 branches to supply the muscles of mastication
  • Origin of the maxillary artery
A

Infratemporal fossa

86
Q

What enters the mandibular foramen

A

CrN.V3

To provide sensory innervation to the mandibular area

87
Q

The space between the teeth and the lips & cheeks…

A

the oral vestibule

88
Q

Muscles of facial expression are innervated by…

A

The facial nerve

89
Q

Action of orbicularis oris

A

Closing/ pursing of lips

90
Q

The hard palate is made up of…

A

the palatine bone

the maxilla

91
Q

Nerve supply to the muscles of the soft palate

A

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus
Except tensor veli palatini - CrN.V3

92
Q

extent of the right and left palatoglossal arches

A

From the uvula of the soft palate to above the tip of the epiglottis

93
Q

The tongue is divided into an anterior 2/3rds and a posterior 1/3rd by…

A

A V shaped sulcus called the terminal sulcus

has large vallate papillae along it

94
Q

The site of origin of the thyroglossal duct which developed into the thyroid gland is called

A

Foramen caecum

95
Q

Three types of papillae

+ where they are found

A

Filiform - contain no taste buds
Fungiform
Vallate

Found on the dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

96
Q

Surface elevations at the back of the tongue produced by submucosal lymphoid tissue collection

A

Lingual tonsils

97
Q

The fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called…

A

The frenulum

98
Q

The vein under the tongue, lateral to the frenulum is called…

A

The deep lingual vein

99
Q

Location of the openings of the submandibular ducts

A

Sublingual carunculae

100
Q

Sensory innervation to the anterior 1/3rd of the tongue

101
Q

Action of the genioglossus

A

Protrudes tongue to the opposite side

102
Q

Action of the hyoglossus

A

depresses tongue

103
Q

Action of the styloglossus

A

retracts tongue and curls sides

104
Q

Action of the palatoglossus

A

elevates posterior tongue

105
Q

Opening of the ducts of the sublingual gland

A

All along the sublingual carunculae

106
Q

Parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular gland

A

facial nerve

carried in chorda tympani

107
Q

Parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the sublingual gland

A

facial nerve

carried in chorda tympani

108
Q

Artery that grooves the undersurface of the submandibular gland

A

Facial artery

109
Q

Muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor veli palatini*
Levator veli palatini*

Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus

Musculus uvulae

*not clearly visible in models or specemins

110
Q

structures forming the laryngeal inlet

A

inter-arytenoid fold
Arytenoid cartilage
Aryepiglottic fold
Epiglottis

111
Q

Part of the larynx from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds/ false vocal cords

112
Q

Part of the larynx between the vestibular folds to the true vocal cords

113
Q

Part of the larynx from the true vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

A

lower part

114
Q

The space between the true vocal cords in called the

115
Q

Nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

except the cricothyroid muscle

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

116
Q

Nerve supply to the cricothyroid muscle

A

superior laryngeal nerve

117
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

118
Q

Vocal cord position during speaking

119
Q

Vocal cord position during normal breathing

120
Q

Vocal cord position during rapid breathing

A

Fully abducted

121
Q

Inner longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

*Muscles ending in -pharyngeus

122
Q

3 layers of the pharynx

A
  1. Outer muscular layer
    • outer circular
    • inner longitudinal
  2. Middle fibrous layer (merges with deep fascia of muscles and fills in gaps)
  3. Inner mucous membrane
123
Q

Sensory innervation to the pharynx

A

CrN. IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

124
Q

Most of the motor innervation to the pharynx

A

CrN. X (vagus nerve)

125
Q

Outer circular layer of pharyngeal muscles

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

126
Q

Role of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Constrict walls of the pharynx during swallowing

127
Q

Role of the longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles

A

Elevate (shorten and widen) pharynx during swallowing and speaking

128
Q

The lymphoid ring protecting the entrance to the oropharynx is called…

A

Waldeyer’s ring

129
Q

Waldeyer’s ring is composed of…

A

Adenoids
Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsils

130
Q

The terminal group of lymph nodes for the head and neck are called…

A

The deep cervical lymph nodes

131
Q

Location of the deep cervical lymph nodes

A

A linked chain of nodes around the IJV within the carotid sheath, from the base of the skull to the root of the neck

132
Q

The deep cervical lymph nodes drain into the…

A

Jugular lymph trunk (on each side)

133
Q

The lymph node enlarged in tonsillitis is called the…

A

Jugulodigastric (tonsillar) lymph node

134
Q

Location of the jugulodigastric lymph node

A

Under the angle of the mandible - where the IJV crosses the digastric muscle
(A deep cervical lymph node)

135
Q

Superficial structures of the anterior neck are drained by which lymph nodes?
(+ location)

A

anterior cervical lymph nodes

lie along the anterior jugular veins

136
Q

the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain…

+ location

A
  • parotid lymph nodes
  • angle of the mandible
  • structures at the junction of the neck, face and scalp

lie along the external jugular vein

137
Q

the retropharyngeal lymph nodes drain…

+ location

A

nasopharynx
auditory tube
upper cervical vertebral column

in between pharynx and vertebral bodies

138
Q

the larynx and adjacent structures are drained by which lymph nodes?

(+ location)

A

laryngeal

lie around the cricothyroid ligament

139
Q

the trachea and thyroid gland are drained by which lymph nodes?

(+ location)

A

tracheal

lie around the trachea

x2 - Head and Neck (2 decks)

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