Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Borders of anterior triangle of the neck
A
Midline of the neck
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Mandible
2
Q
Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck
A
Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior border of the trapezius
Clavicle
3
Q
Function of the parathyroid
A
Regulates calcium and phosphate levels
4
Q
Chorda tympani nerve
function and pathway
A
A branch of the facial nerve
Provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Carried in CrN. V3
5
Q
Sensory and taste innervation to posterior 1/3rd of tongue
A
Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cr.N.IX)
6
Q
Motor supply to all tongue muscles (except pataglossus)
A
Hypoglossal nerve (Cr.N.XII)
7
Q
Nerve supply to oropharynx
A
pharyngeal plexus (Cr.N.IX – X)
8
Q
Pharyngeal plexus
A
Cr.N.IX - X
sensory innervation of oropharynx and hypopharynx
Motor innervation of pataglossus
9
Q
Sensory innervation of the nose
A
Mid-part + tip: Cr.N.V1
Sides: Cr.N.V2
10
Q
the occipital protuberance is part of which bone
A
Occipital
11
Q
The mastoid process is part of which bone
A
temporal
12
Q
The zygomatic arch is made of which bones
A
Zygomatic and temporal
13
Q
The styloid process is part of which bone
A
temporal
14
Q
The occipital condyles are part of which bone
A
occipital
15
Q
Which 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum
A
Spinal cord + medulla
Right + left vertebral arteries
16
Q
The superior nuchal line is part of which bone
A
Occipital
17
Q
What type of joint is most common between skull bones
A
Suture (fibrous joint)
18
Q
5 layers of the scalp
A
Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis (epicranial) Loose connective tissue (not visible) Periosteum (not visible)
19
Q
In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present
A
Dense connective tissue
20
Q
Why do scalp wounds bleed profusely
A
Dense connective tissue prevents vasoconstriction
21
Q
Branches of the internal carotid artery
A
Supratrochlear artery
Supra-orbital artery
22
Q
What is diploe
A
spongy cancellous bone in skull bones
23
Q
location of the muscles of facial expression
A
within the superficial fascia of the face and neck
24
Q
The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity through which foramen
A
Stylomastoid foramen
25
Where does the parotid gland open into the oral cavity
Opposite the second, maxillary, molar tooth
26
Sympathetic and parasympathetic to the parotid gland
parasympathetic: glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Sympathetic: external carotid nerve plexus
27
4 compartments of the neck
vertebral compartment
visceral compartment
vascular compartment
musculofascial compartment
28
Type of joint between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
ellipsoid
29
type of joint between C1(atlas) and C2(axis) at the odontoid peg
pivot
30
Structures passing through the foramen transversarium
Vertebral artery and vein
31
contraction of right sternocleidomastoid muscle
head tilts to right
| face turns to left
32
action of the trapezius
shoulder elevation
33
Attachments of the trapezius muscle
Occipital bone
Spinous processes C7 - T1
Lateral clavicles
Acromion spine of scapula
34
Contents of the carotid sheath
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
35
level of bifurcation of the common carotid artery (in relation to other structures)
Superior border of the cricoid cartilage
36
which (internal or external) carotid artery is more lateral?
internal
37
where does the IJV emerge from the skull
the jugular foramen
38
Components of the thyroid
2 lobes + isthmus
39
level of the isthmus (in relation to other structures)
over the 1st tracheal ring
40
embryological formation of flat bones of the cranial vault
membranous ossification
41
embryological formation of irregular bones of the base of the skull
endochondral ossification
42
embryological formation of the skeleton of the face
Partly from branchial arches
| Partly from sensory capsules
43
membrane covered spaces in the incompletely ossified skull of an infant
Fontanelles
44
2 bones forming the nasal septum
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
(The vomer is inferior to and extends further anteriorly than the perpendicular plate)
45
Olfactory nerves pass through the...
Cribriform plate
Part of the ethmoid bone (but looks separate), forms the roof of the nasal cavity
46
The fold of dura mater that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres is called...
Falx cerebri
47
The falx cerebri attaches to the....
| +where is it
Crista gali
Superior to the cribriform plate, just posterior to the frontal sinus
48
The superior and middle conchae/turbinates are formed from which bone
Ethmoid
(but are mostly cartilage so are rarely seen on a bony specimen)
((the inferior turbinates are formed by their own separate bone))
49
The roof of the nasal cavity is lined with...
olfactory mucosa
| the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory epithelium
50
The roof of the nasal cavity is innervated by...
The olfactory nerve (CrN.I)
51
The space above the superior concha is called...
Sphenoethmoidal recess
52
What opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess
the sphenoid sinus
53
What opens into the superior meatus
The posterior ethmoidal air cells
54
What opens into the middle meatus
The maxillary sinus
The frontal sinus
The anterior & middle ethmoidal air cells
55
What opens into the inferior meatus
The nasolacrimal duct
56
Innervation of the frontal sinus
CrN.V1
57
Innervation of the maxillary sinus
CrN.V2
58
Innervation of the sphenoid sinus
CrN.V1 and 2
59
Innervation of the ethmoidal air cells
CrN.V1
60
Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx
Sphenoid
61
A collection of lymphoid tissue lies under the epithelium of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, they are called...
Adenoids
| nasopharyngeal tonsils
62
The tube connecting the nasopharynx to the middle ear is called...
Eustachian tube
| pharyngotympanic tube
63
Muscle in the nasopharynx controlling opening of the eustachian tube...
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
| contracts to open the eustachian tube
64
Total number of deciduous...
Incisors:
Canines:
Molars:
Incisors: 8
Canines: 4
Molars: 8
TOTAL: 20
65
```
Total number of permanent:
Incisors:
Canines:
Premolars:
Molars:
```
Incisors: 8
Canines: 4
Premolars: 8
Molars: 12
TOTAL: 32
66
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint
Modified hinge type joint
67
2 articular processes forming the TMJ
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
| Condylar process of the mandible
68
Identification of the medial pterygoid
Runs parallel to the masseter
69
Identification of the lateral pterygoid
Runs towards the TMJ
| Has two heads
70
Bony attachments of the temporalis muscle
1. coronoid process of the mandible
| 2. temporal fossa
71
Action of contraction of anterior fibres of the temporalis
elevates mandible
72
Action of contraction of posterior fibres of the temporalis
retracts mandible
73
Bony attachments of the masseter
1. zygomatic arch
| 2. outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible
74
Attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle
1. lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| 2. neck of the mandible and articular disc of the TMJ
75
Attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle
1. Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| 2. Medial surface of the ramus
76
Action of contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles
Protraction of mandible
77
Action of contraction of medial pterygoid muscles
Elevation of mandible
78
Action of contraction of lateral and medial pterygoid muscles on the same side
Moves mandible to opposite side
79
Muscles producing elevation of the mandible
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis
80
Muscles producing depression of the mandible
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
81
Muscles producing protrusion of the mandible
Lateral pterygoid
82
Muscles producing retraction of the mandible
Temporalis
83
Muscles producing side to side movement of the mandible
Pterygoid muscles
84
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CrN.V3) emerges from the cranial cavity through...
The oval foramen
85
The area between the zygomatic arch and the pterygoid plates where...
- CrN.V3 branches to supply the muscles of mastication
- Origin of the maxillary artery
Infratemporal fossa
86
What enters the mandibular foramen
CrN.V3
| To provide sensory innervation to the mandibular area
87
The space between the teeth and the lips & cheeks...
the oral vestibule
88
Muscles of facial expression are innervated by...
The facial nerve
89
Action of orbicularis oris
Closing/ pursing of lips
90
The hard palate is made up of...
the palatine bone
| the maxilla
91
Nerve supply to the muscles of the soft palate
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus
Except tensor veli palatini - CrN.V3
92
extent of the right and left palatoglossal arches
From the uvula of the soft palate to above the tip of the epiglottis
93
The tongue is divided into an anterior 2/3rds and a posterior 1/3rd by...
A V shaped sulcus called the terminal sulcus
| has large vallate papillae along it
94
The site of origin of the thyroglossal duct which developed into the thyroid gland is called
Foramen caecum
95
Three types of papillae
| + where they are found
Filiform - contain no taste buds
Fungiform
Vallate
Found on the dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
96
Surface elevations at the back of the tongue produced by submucosal lymphoid tissue collection
Lingual tonsils
97
The fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called...
The frenulum
98
The vein under the tongue, lateral to the frenulum is called...
The deep lingual vein
99
Location of the openings of the submandibular ducts
Sublingual carunculae
100
Sensory innervation to the anterior 1/3rd of the tongue
CrN.V3
101
Action of the genioglossus
Protrudes tongue to the opposite side
102
Action of the hyoglossus
depresses tongue
103
Action of the styloglossus
retracts tongue and curls sides
104
Action of the palatoglossus
elevates posterior tongue
105
Opening of the ducts of the sublingual gland
All along the sublingual carunculae
106
Parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular gland
facial nerve
| carried in chorda tympani
107
Parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the sublingual gland
facial nerve
| carried in chorda tympani
108
Artery that grooves the undersurface of the submandibular gland
Facial artery
109
Muscles of the soft palate
Tensor veli palatini*
Levator veli palatini*
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
*not clearly visible in models or specemins
110
structures forming the laryngeal inlet
inter-arytenoid fold
Arytenoid cartilage
Aryepiglottic fold
Epiglottis
111
Part of the larynx from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds/ false vocal cords
Vestibule
112
Part of the larynx between the vestibular folds to the true vocal cords
Ventricle
113
Part of the larynx from the true vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
lower part
114
The space between the true vocal cords in called the
Glottis
115
Nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
| except the cricothyroid muscle
recurrent laryngeal nerve
116
Nerve supply to the cricothyroid muscle
superior laryngeal nerve
117
Sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx
Internal laryngeal nerve
118
Vocal cord position during speaking
Adducted
119
Vocal cord position during normal breathing
Abducted
120
Vocal cord position during rapid breathing
Fully abducted
121
Inner longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
*Muscles ending in -pharyngeus
122
3 layers of the pharynx
1. Outer muscular layer
- outer circular
- inner longitudinal
2. Middle fibrous layer (merges with deep fascia of muscles and fills in gaps)
3. Inner mucous membrane
123
Sensory innervation to the pharynx
CrN. IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
124
Most of the motor innervation to the pharynx
CrN. X (vagus nerve)
125
Outer circular layer of pharyngeal muscles
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
126
Role of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Constrict walls of the pharynx during swallowing
127
Role of the longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles
Elevate (shorten and widen) pharynx during swallowing and speaking
128
The lymphoid ring protecting the entrance to the oropharynx is called...
Waldeyer's ring
129
Waldeyer's ring is composed of...
Adenoids
Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsils
130
The terminal group of lymph nodes for the head and neck are called...
The deep cervical lymph nodes
131
Location of the deep cervical lymph nodes
A linked chain of nodes around the IJV within the carotid sheath, from the base of the skull to the root of the neck
132
The deep cervical lymph nodes drain into the...
Jugular lymph trunk (on each side)
133
The lymph node enlarged in tonsillitis is called the...
Jugulodigastric (tonsillar) lymph node
134
Location of the jugulodigastric lymph node
Under the angle of the mandible - where the IJV crosses the digastric muscle
(A deep cervical lymph node)
135
Superficial structures of the anterior neck are drained by which lymph nodes?
(+ location)
anterior cervical lymph nodes
lie along the anterior jugular veins
136
the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain...
| + location
- parotid lymph nodes
- angle of the mandible
- structures at the junction of the neck, face and scalp
lie along the external jugular vein
137
the retropharyngeal lymph nodes drain...
| + location
nasopharynx
auditory tube
upper cervical vertebral column
in between pharynx and vertebral bodies
138
the larynx and adjacent structures are drained by which lymph nodes?
(+ location)
laryngeal
lie around the cricothyroid ligament
139
the trachea and thyroid gland are drained by which lymph nodes?
(+ location)
tracheal
lie around the trachea
