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Neuro-Oncology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What consists of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves and ganglia
Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves
Enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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4
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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5
Q

What are the layer of the meninges?

A

Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

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6
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

A

is a vascular tuff that produces CSF in the ventricles

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7
Q

What is the axial plane?

A

horizontal cross section of the brain

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8
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

horizontal cross section of the brain

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9
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Tiara cross section of the brain

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10
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Bow and arrow cross section of the brain

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11
Q

What cells make up the nervous system?

A

neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (support cells)

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12
Q

What does a neuron consist of?

A

axon, dendrites, and cell bodies

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13
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

receive input into the cell

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14
Q

What do axons do?

A

carry outputs

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15
Q

What is a synapses?

A

The place where communication between neurons occur (axons and dendrites)

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16
Q

What are axons covered with?

A

myelin sheaths

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17
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

form myelin sheaths

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18
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

they are cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS

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19
Q

What are neurotransmitters and their function?

A

they are chemical released at the presynaptic terminal and they either excite or inhibit action potentials at the post synaptic clef

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20
Q

What is glutamate?

What does it affect?

A

an excitatory neurotransmitter; the entire CNS

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21
Q

What is GABA?

What does it affect?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter; the entire CNS

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22
Q

What is acetylcholine?

What does it affect?

A

a neurotransmitter; autonomic nervous system (causing parasympathetic effects)

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23
Q

What is norepinephrine?

What does it affect?

A

a neurotransmitter; sympathetic ganglia, causing sympathetic effects

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24
Q

What is dopamine?

What does it affect?

A

.

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25
Q

What is serotonin?

What does it affect?

A

.

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26
Q

What is white matter?

A

areas of the CNS covered mainly with myelinated axons

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27
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Areas made mainly of cell bodies

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28
Q

What are clusters of gray matter called?

A

nuclei

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29
Q

What are some examples of nuclei?

A

basal ganglia, thalamus, and cranial nerve nuclei

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30
Q

What is a commissure?

A

a white matter pathway that connects structures on the left and right sides of the CNS

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31
Q

What are ganglia in the PNS?

A

clusters of cell bodies

32
Q

What is afferent?

A

carrying a signal toward a structure

33
Q

What is efferent?

A

carrying a signal away from a structure

34
Q

How many pair of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

35
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

7

36
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

37
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

38
Q

How many cervical nerve pair?

A

8

39
Q

How many thoracic nerve pair?

A

12

40
Q

How many lumbar nerve pair?

A

5

41
Q

How many sacral nerve pair?

A

5

42
Q

How many coxxix nerve pair?

A

1

43
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

elaborate meshwork of nerves from the cervical and thoracic (arms)

44
Q

What is the lumbosacral plexus?

A

elaborate meshwork of nerves from the lumbar and sacral (legs)

45
Q

Brain crevices are called?

A

sulci

46
Q

Brain bumps between sulci are called?

A

gyri

47
Q

What does the Central Sulcus of Rolando separate?

A

The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

48
Q

What does the Sylvian fissure separate?

A

The frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

49
Q

What does the Parieto-occipital Sulcus separate?

A

The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

50
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

C-shaped band of white matter connecting both cerebral hemispheres

51
Q

What are the three parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Splenium (Back), Genu (Front), Rostrum (Bottom)

52
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex lie?

A

on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

53
Q

What does the precentral gyrus control?

A

controls movement on the opposite part of the body

54
Q

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?

A

on the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

55
Q

What is pyramidal decussation?

A

The crossing over of fibers in the corticospinal tract

56
Q

What does contralateral and ipsilateral mean?

A

contralateral (opposite side) ipsilateral (same side)

57
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

motor neurons from the cortex that project to the spinal cord or brainstem

58
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter or brainstem motor nuclei; they project out of the CNS via the anterior spine roots or cranial nerves to finally reach muscle cells in the periphery

59
Q

What is somatic sensation?

A

conscious perceptions of touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and propriception

60
Q

What is proprioception?

A

limb or joint sense

61
Q

Somatic sensory posterior column pathways convey?

A

convey proprioception, vibration sense, and fine, discriminative touch

62
Q

Somatic sensory anterior column pathways convey?

A

convey pain, temperature sense, and crude touch

63
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

relay center

64
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory (smell)

65
Q

CN II

A

Optic (Vision)

66
Q

CN III

A

Ocular motor (pupil constriction, eye movements up)

67
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (superior oblique muscle move downward and inward)

68
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal (Facial sensation)

69
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (lateral rectus; eye abduction)

70
Q

CN VII

A

Facial (muscles of facial expression)

71
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear; Acoustic (Hearing)

72
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (Taste on posterior tongue; stylopharyngeus muscle)

73
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (swallowing, voice box, parasympathetic)

74
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal accessory (Sternomastoid muscle; upper trapezius muscle)

75
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal (Intrinsic muscles of the tongue)

76
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

regulation of emotions, memory, appetitive drives, and autonomic and neuroendocrine control

Neuro-Oncology (4 decks)

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