Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What consists of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What consists of the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves and ganglia
Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves
Enteric nervous system
What does the diencephalon consist of?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
What does the brain stem consist of?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
What are the layer of the meninges?
Dura, Arachnoid, Pia
What is the Choroid Plexus?
is a vascular tuff that produces CSF in the ventricles
What is the axial plane?
horizontal cross section of the brain
What is the transverse plane?
horizontal cross section of the brain
What is the coronal plane?
Tiara cross section of the brain
What is the sagittal plane?
Bow and arrow cross section of the brain
What cells make up the nervous system?
neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (support cells)
What does a neuron consist of?
axon, dendrites, and cell bodies
What does a dendrite do?
receive input into the cell
What do axons do?
carry outputs
What is a synapses?
The place where communication between neurons occur (axons and dendrites)
What are axons covered with?
myelin sheaths
What do oligodendrocytes do?
form myelin sheaths
What are Schwann cells?
they are cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS
What are neurotransmitters and their function?
they are chemical released at the presynaptic terminal and they either excite or inhibit action potentials at the post synaptic clef
What is glutamate?
What does it affect?
an excitatory neurotransmitter; the entire CNS
What is GABA?
What does it affect?
An inhibitory neurotransmitter; the entire CNS
What is acetylcholine?
What does it affect?
a neurotransmitter; autonomic nervous system (causing parasympathetic effects)
What is norepinephrine?
What does it affect?
a neurotransmitter; sympathetic ganglia, causing sympathetic effects
What is dopamine?
What does it affect?
.
What is serotonin?
What does it affect?
.
What is white matter?
areas of the CNS covered mainly with myelinated axons
What is gray matter?
Areas made mainly of cell bodies
What are clusters of gray matter called?
nuclei
What are some examples of nuclei?
basal ganglia, thalamus, and cranial nerve nuclei
What is a commissure?
a white matter pathway that connects structures on the left and right sides of the CNS
What are ganglia in the PNS?
clusters of cell bodies
What is afferent?
carrying a signal toward a structure
What is efferent?
carrying a signal away from a structure
How many pair of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many cervical nerve pair?
8
How many thoracic nerve pair?
12
How many lumbar nerve pair?
5
How many sacral nerve pair?
5
How many coxxix nerve pair?
1
What is the brachial plexus?
elaborate meshwork of nerves from the cervical and thoracic (arms)
What is the lumbosacral plexus?
elaborate meshwork of nerves from the lumbar and sacral (legs)
Brain crevices are called?
sulci
Brain bumps between sulci are called?
gyri
What does the Central Sulcus of Rolando separate?
The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
What does the Sylvian fissure separate?
The frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
What does the Parieto-occipital Sulcus separate?
The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
What is the corpus callosum?
C-shaped band of white matter connecting both cerebral hemispheres
What are the three parts of the corpus callosum?
Splenium (Back), Genu (Front), Rostrum (Bottom)
Where does the primary motor cortex lie?
on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
What does the precentral gyrus control?
controls movement on the opposite part of the body
Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?
on the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
What is pyramidal decussation?
The crossing over of fibers in the corticospinal tract
What does contralateral and ipsilateral mean?
contralateral (opposite side) ipsilateral (same side)
What are upper motor neurons?
motor neurons from the cortex that project to the spinal cord or brainstem
What are lower motor neurons?
located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter or brainstem motor nuclei; they project out of the CNS via the anterior spine roots or cranial nerves to finally reach muscle cells in the periphery
What is somatic sensation?
conscious perceptions of touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and propriception
What is proprioception?
limb or joint sense
Somatic sensory posterior column pathways convey?
convey proprioception, vibration sense, and fine, discriminative touch
Somatic sensory anterior column pathways convey?
convey pain, temperature sense, and crude touch
What does the thalamus do?
relay center
CN I
Olfactory (smell)
CN II
Optic (Vision)
CN III
Ocular motor (pupil constriction, eye movements up)
CN IV
Trochlear (superior oblique muscle move downward and inward)
CN V
Trigeminal (Facial sensation)
CN VI
Abducens (lateral rectus; eye abduction)
CN VII
Facial (muscles of facial expression)
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear; Acoustic (Hearing)
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal (Taste on posterior tongue; stylopharyngeus muscle)
CN X
Vagus (swallowing, voice box, parasympathetic)
CN XI
Spinal accessory (Sternomastoid muscle; upper trapezius muscle)
CN XII
Hypoglossal (Intrinsic muscles of the tongue)
What is the limbic system?
regulation of emotions, memory, appetitive drives, and autonomic and neuroendocrine control
