Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Types of synovial joints
- Ball and Socket
- Ellipsoidal (condylar)
- Gliding (plane)
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle joints
What is the most mobile of the synovial joints?
Ball and Socket.
Describe a synovial joint.
- The ends of the bone are smooth and covered in articular cartilage, with an extremely low coefficient of friction.
- Two bones bound together by a capsule of fibrous tissues.
- Fibrous capsule lined with on the inside with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, to lubricate the joint and nourish the cartilage.
- The joint is reinforced by ligaments, which are fibers of connective tissue.
Definition of a hinge joint:
Movement in one plane only, providing extension and flexion. eg. knee and elbow.
Pivot joint:
Joint that allows rotation around single axis eg between atlas and axis.
Saddle joint:
Highly mobile joint allowing sliding movement in two directions, such as where the meta-carpal of the thumb meets the trapezius.
The two regions of the skeleton are…
The axial and appendicular skeleton.
The scull consists of…
- The cranium
- The mandible
- The hyoid bone at the base of the tongue
The neurocranium…
surrounds and protects the brain and part of the brainstem.
The facial cranium…
is the lower part of the scull that is under the face.
How many bones make up the facial cranium?
14
The two nasal bones…
form the upper portion of the bridge of the nose.
The two lacrimal bones…
are located in each orbit, next to the nose and close to the tear ducts.
The two palatine bones…
make up the hard palate.
The vomer…
is part of the ethmoid bone which makes up the nasal septum.
Turbinates…
or nasal conchae, are small bones protruding into the inferior nasal passage.
Sutures…
interlock the bones of the scull.
Temporomandibular joint…
where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
The auditory ossicles consist of…
the malleus, incus and stapes.
The temporomandibular joint is a…
condylar synovial joint.
The sagittal plane…
divides the body vertically into left and right, and is also known as the median plane.
A parasagittal plane…
is any plane parallel to the sagittal plane.
The coronal plane…
divides the body vertically into front and back, and is also known as the frontal plane.
The transverse plane…
divides the body horizontally into top and bottom, and is also known as the horizontal plane.
Everything in the front of the body is considered…
anterior or ventral.
Everything in the back of the body is considered…
posterior or dorsal.
Features toward the top of the body are considered…
superior or cranial.
Features toward the bottom of the body are considered…
inferior or caudial.
In Anatomy and Physiology the hierarchy of increasingly complex structures is…
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- The body.
Tissues are…
groups of similar cells that come together to perform a common function.
The four primary types of tissues are…
- Nervous
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
Nervous tissues…
provide control and communication.
Muscle tissues…
provide movement.
Epithelial tissues…
cover and protect the body.
Connective tissues…
provide support.
Histology is…
the study of tissues.
Which two cell types make up nervous tissue…
neurons and glial cells.
The three contiguous regions of the cavity containing the brain are…
the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
The glandular epithelium…
forms glands and secretes hormones and other substances.
The nasal cavities are connected to paranasal sinuses in the…
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid bones.
The largest paranasal sinuses are…
the maxillary sinuses, which lay to the side of the nose.
The four bones of the neuro-cranium are..
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Frontal
In anatomy, a process is…
a projection of tissue from a larger body.
All epithelial cells are…
polar. They have distinct sides.
Contrast the bones of the roof and outer wall of the orbit, to those of the inner wall.
The bones of the inner wall are much more fragile.
The definition of cribiform in anatomy is…
‘pierced by many holes’. For example, the plate of the ethmoid bone, through which all the olfactory nerves pass.
Three factors that set connective tissue apart from other tissues…
- They all develop from mesenchyme.
- They have different degrees of vascularity.
- All connective tissues are mostly composed of non-living material.
The proper epithelium…
covers and lines your outer and inner body.
All epithelial tissues are…
avascular (they don’t have a blood supply).
Running throughout the ground substance are…
fibers, which provide shape and structure.
Squamous cells allow…
fast absorption and diffusion, making thin membranes.
The different layerings of epithelial tissue are…
simple, stratified and pseudo-stratified (a single layer but with all different shaped cells).
Chrondoblasts are..
the blast cells of cartilage.
The apical side of epithelial cells is exposed to…
the outside of the body or whatever cavity the cells are lining.
The basal side of epithelial cells is tightly attached to the
basement membrane, a thin layer of mostly collagen fibers that helps hold the epithelium together and anchor it to the next deeper layer, your connective tissue.
Areolar tissue is…
the most common lose connective tissue It has a loose arrangement of fibers and a lot of open space, allowing it to hold fluid.
Three factors that set connective tissue apart from other tissues…
- They all develop from mesenchyme.
- They have different degrees of vascularity.
- All connective tissues are mostly composed of non-living material.
Adipocytes store…
lipids for later use.
From each proteoglycan sprouts many…
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long starchy strands, that hold the connective tissue together.
Running throughout the ground substance are…
fibers, which provide shape and structure.
The types of fibers are…
- Collagen, the strongest and most abundant.
- Elastic fibers, longer and thinner, forming a branching framework, made from the protein elastin
- Reticular fibres, thinner collagen fibers, which form nets to support organs.
The two phases of cells are…
immature, with the suffix blast and mature, with the suffix cyte.
Chrondoblasts are..
the blast cells of cartilage.
What type of tissue is fat?
Connective tissue.
Connective tissue proper comes in two subclasses…
- Loose, less collagen fibers in ground substance, (areolar, reticular, adipose)
- Dense, more collagen fibers in ground substance, (regular, irregular, elastic)
Areolar tissue is…
the most common lose connective tissue It has a loose arrangement of fibers and a lot of open space, allowing it to hold fluid.
Adipocytes store…
lipids for later use.
a-, an-,
an absence or lack.
ab-
departing away from.
acou-
hearing.
ac-, acro-
extreme or extremity.
ad-
to or toward.
aden-, adeno-
gland.
adren-
toward the kidney.
aero-
air.
af-
toward.
agon-
contest.
alb-
white.
aliment-
nourish.
allel-
of one.
amphi-
on both sides or of both kinds.
ana-
apart, up, again.
anastomos-
come together.
aneurysm
a widening.
angi-
vessel.
angin-
choked.
ant-, anti-
opposed to; preventing or inhibiting.
ante-
preceding.
aort-
great artery.
ap-, api-
tip extremity.
aut-, auto-
self.
aqua-, aque-
water.
arbor
tree
areola-
open space.
arrect-
upright.
arthr-, arthro-
joint.
artic-
joint.
atri-
vestibule.
auscult-
listen.
aut-, auto-
self.
ax-, axi-, axo-
axis, axle.
azyg-
unpaired.
baro-
pressure.
basal
base
bi-
two.
capill-
hair.
