Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy
The structure of the body
Physiology
How the body functions
Pathophysiology
Process that disturbs normal functioning
The lung consist of series of tubes called the….
Bronchi
The smallest of the bronchi end in tiny sacs called…..
Alveoli
Oxygen is absorbed the the bloodstream and through the….
Alveoli
Aristole of greece
Made the first recorded attempts to study anatomy in 380 bc
Atoms link together to form….
Molecules
Molecules are organized into various structures including
Organelles
Organelles
The metabolic untis within a cell that performs a specific function necessary to the life of the cell
Mitochondria
The powerhouses that furnish the cells energies and nucleus
Organelles are contained within…..
Cells
Cells
Smallest living units that make up the body’s structure
Cells group together to form
Tissues
Tissues
Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and functions
Tissues come together to form
Organs
Organs
Structure of two or more tissue types working together to carry out a specific function. Ex heart, stomach, and kidney
Organs form…
Organ systems
Organ systems
Groups of organs that all contribute to a particular function to form a human organism
Human organism
Individual
Integumentary system
Consist of hair skin and nails and its key functions are protection, temp regulation, water retention and sensation
The skeletal system consist of
Bones cartilage and ligaments in its key functions are protection of body organs support movement and blood formation
The muscular system consist of
Primarily of skeletal muscles key functions or movement posture and heat production
Lymphatic system consist of
Lymph nodes lymphatic vessels lymph thymus spleen and tonsils key functions are role in fluid balance production of immune cells defense against disease
Respiratory system consist of
Nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and lungs. Key functions or absorption of oxygen discharge of carbon dioxide acid base balance and speech
Urinary system consist of
Kidneys ureters urinary bladder and urethra key functions are excretion of waste regulation of blood volume and pressure control fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance
Nervis system consist of
Brain spinal cord nerves and sense organs the key functions are controlled regulation and coordination of other systems, sensation and memory
Endocrine system consist of
Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, and other organs key functions are hormone production control in regulation of other systems
Circulatory system consist of
Heart arteries veins and capillaries key functions are distribution of oxygen and nutrients and waste and hormones and electrolytes immune sales in antibioties in fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance
Digestive system consist of
Stomach small and large intestines esophagus liver and mouth and pancreas key functions are breakdown and absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes
Male reproductive system consist of
Testes vast deferens prostate seminal vesicles and penis key functions are production and delivery of sperm secretion of sex hormones
Female reproductive system consist of
Ovaries fallopian tube’s uterus and vagina and breast key functions are production of eggs site of fertilization and fetal development birth lactation and secretion of sex hormones
Distal
Farthest from the point of the origin
Medial
Toward the bodies me a line
Lateral
Away from the bodies midline
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin
Superior
Above
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
Superficial
At or near the body surface
Deep
Away from the body service
Inferior
Below
Sagittal plane
Divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides called a mid sagittal plane if the section is made exactly at midline often used in illustrations to reveal the organs in the head or the pelvic cavity
Transverse plane
Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions also called a horizontal plane used by CT scan or’s to reveal internal organs
Frontal plane
Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions also called a coronal plane often used in illustrations to show the contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities
Frontal
Forehead
Cephallic
Head
Nasal
Nose
Orbital
Eye
Oral
Mouth
Buccaneers
Cheek
Cervical
Neck
Deltoid
Shoulder
Sternal tc
Sternum
Pectoral tc
Chest
Mammary tc
Breast
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Abdominal
Abdomen
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Inguinal
Groin
Palmar
Palm
Digital
Fingers
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee
Tarsal
Ankle
Pedal
Foot
Cranial
Surrounding the brain
Otic
Ear
Occipital
Back of head
Scapular
Back shoulders
Vertebral column
Spine
Lumbar
Lower back
Sacral
Above ass crack
Gluteal
Buttock
Popliteal
Back of knee
Calcaneal
Heel
Plantar
Sole of feet
The body contains spaces called
Cavities
The two major body cavities are the
Dorsal in ventral cavity
Ventral cavity
Located at the front of the body consist of two compartments called the Thoracic and the abdominal pelvic which are separated by the diaphragm
What are the three components of homeostasis
Receptor which recieves info
Control center which recieves and process info
Effector which responds to signals from the control center
The normal ph of blood is…
7.35 and its alkaline
What makes on acid stronger than the other
The more the hydrogen ions produced the stronger the acid
What are the four main organic compounds in the body
Carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
What are the functions of each cell organelle
- Plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the passage of substances.
- Nucleus is the cells control center and contains all the cells genetic info.
- Nuclear envelope is a double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
- Nuclear pore regulate the passage of molecules into the nucleus
- Ribosomes is the cells protein producing structure
- Cytoplasm is the gel like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and nucleus
- Golgi apparatus recieves proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares the packages for them to export
- Mitochondria functions the cell power house and produces atp which cells use for energy
- Lysosomes destroy bacteria clean out the cell and pinch of pieces of the Golgi apparatus
- Cyt framework of the cell determines the cell shape and strengthen the cell
- Microbiology are found in the intestines
- cila are found in the respiratory tract and Fallopian tube they propel bad stuff
- Flagella are found in sperm only make whip like motion for swimming
Explain what happens in osmosis
Involves diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through the membrane water will go from higher to Lower concentration
What is the sodium potassium pump
Cells can move ions and other particles to specific areas most important active transport. Transfer sodium from inside to outside the cell and transfer potassium from the extracellular fluid to the cells interior
Four main types of tissue
Epithelial connective muscular and nervous
What type of epithelial tissue is in the kidney
Simple cuboidal which is a single layer
What type of epithelial tissue is in the respiratory system
Pseudostratified columnar
Where is transitional epithelium found and what is it special quality
Urinary tract and its special qualities are consisting of multiple cell layers and when its stretched the cell layers decrease and cell shape changes from cuboidal squamous
What are three different types of muscle tissue and their differences?
Skeletal which consist of long thin cells it is voluntary and responsible for breathing,speech, control of urination
Cardiac is found in the heart and it is involuntary
Smooth long spinal shaped cells it lines the walls of many organs control the diameter of blood vessels and control blood pressure and flow
What are four main types of connective tissue
Adipose stores lipids and consist of large cells
Cartilage hard yet flexible tissue like the ear
Bone cells hard tissue of calcium phosphate and calcium concentration
Blood
What types of fibers are found in connective tissue
Collagen reticular and elastic
What are the three types of cartilage and where are they located
Hyaline located where the ribs meet the sternum
Elastic located by the ear and nose
Fibrocartilage is between the vertebrae and in knee joint
What is an example of loose and dense connective tissue
Loose connective tissue ex: areolar adipose reticular
Dense connective tissue ex: tendons and ligaments
Mucous membrane
Lines the body surfaces that open directly to the body’s exterior such as the respiratory digestive urinary and reproductive tracts! Secret mucous a watery secretion that coats and protects the cells of the membrane
Serous membrane
Compose of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areola connective tissue and it lines some of the closed body cavities and covers many of those organs
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine gland
Endocrine gland secreted hormones and products in the blood and consist of testes organs and more
Exocrine glands secrete their products in their ducts such as sweat
What is regeneration
Occurs when damaged tissue cells are replaced to same type of cells
What is fibrosis
Occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue which is composed mainly of collagen
Stem cell
Specialized cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells
Membrane
Boundary lining that surround a cell
Plasmid
A gentle structure of a cell that replicate independently of chromosomes typically a small circular of DNA
Pathogen
Bacteria viruses or other microorganism
Microbiome
Microorganisms in a particular environment
