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Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System:

What are it’s 6 main functions?

A 
1 - Protection; helps keep outside out + inside in 
2 - Stimuli Reception (touch)
3 - Thermoregulation
4 - Synthesize Vitamin D
5 - Excretion
6 - Immunity
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2
Q

Integumentary System:

What body parts make up the integumentary system? (4)

A
  • Finger/toe nails
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Glands: sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), ceruminous glands (earwax)
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3
Q

Integumentary System:

What are the 3 general layers of skin?

A

1 - Epidermis
2 - Dermis
3 - Subcutaneous/Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia

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4
Q

Integumentary System:

a) How many layers are there in the epidermis?
b) Name the cells present, and their functions.
c) What type of cell is the outer layer made of?

A

a) 5
b) i. Keratinocyte: produces keratin, waterproofs, protective barrier
ii. Melanocyte: produces melanin, skin pigment, protects from UV/sunlight
c) stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Integumentary System:

What connective junctions are used

A

Hemidesmosomes and Desmosomes

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6
Q

Integumentary System:

What is pemphigus?

A

Disease that attacks desmosomes, skin falls apart

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7
Q

Integumentary System:

Layers of Keratinocyres in epidermis Deep to Superficial?

A

Stratum Basale, S. Spinosum, S. Granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum

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8
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of thick skin?

A

Lots of stratum lucidum, spinosum and corneum. Found on the ventral surface of hands and feet.

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9
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of thin skin?

A

Lacks a stratum lucidum

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10
Q

Integumentary System:

Pheomelanin

A

yellow to red pigment

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11
Q

Integumentary System:

Eumelanin

A

brown to black pigment

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12
Q

Integumentary System:

3 pigments of the body?

A

Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene

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13
Q

Integumentary System:

2 regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular

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14
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of the papillary region?

A

Ridges in epidermis, blood vessels, sensory structures. AREOLAR

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15
Q

Integumentary System:

4 sensory receptors?

A

Meissner Corpuscles
Merkel Disks
Free Nerve Endings
Pacinian Corpuscles

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16
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Meissner Corpuscles?

A

Light touch

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17
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Merkel Disks?

A

Light touch

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18
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Free Nerve Endings?

A

Pain and temperature, itching and hair movements

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19
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Pacinian Corpuscles?

A

Lamellated, Deep pressure and vibrations

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20
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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21
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is an isotope?

A

An atom that has gained or lost NEUTRONS

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22
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is an Ion?

A

A charged atom

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23
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions dissolved in a solution, can conduct electricity

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24
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is the most common electrolyte?

A

Sodium

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25
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is a free radical?
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
26
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What are the three chemical bonds?
Covalent, Hydrogen, Ionic
27
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is a surfactant?
Reduces surface tension in water, used in lungs
28
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is a solution?
Solutes dissolved in solvent
29
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is a colloid?
Substances that are dispersed, large particles not dissolved
30
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | Why are buffers important?
They act like sponges and keep pH balanced
31
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is the most important buffer system?
Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System
32
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What are the characteristics of Organic Molecules?
Carbon, Complex, Combustible, Hydrogen | 3 C's and an H
33
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is the difference between Cellulose and Starch?
Cellulose not digestible, Starch is how plants store sugar.
34
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is dehydration synthesis?
Releasing water molecule to create chemical bonds
35
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What are Eicosanoids?
Key chemicals in immune defense and inflammation
36
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is Hydrolysis?
Water is added to break down chemical bonds
37
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is a lipoprotein, 2 types?
Lipid carrier, LDL, HDL
38
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What is denaturation?
Destruction of 2nd 3rd 4th peptide bonds
39
Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic: | What are the 4 nucleic acids for DNA, RNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
40
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Average for blood pressure?
110/70 to 120/80
41
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Dyslidemia
set point for fats is abnormal
42
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Signs
What the health care provider observes about the patient. Swelling, rashes, etc...
43
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Symptoms
internal or feeling, must be described by the patient
44
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Syndrome
group of signs and/or symptoms that occur together
45
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Autoimmune diseases
body attacks itself because it can't recognize certain cells. Attacks through negative feedback
46
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Contact transmission
person transmits disease within 1 meter of other person
47
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Common Vehicle Transmission
Infection is carried through food, water, or bodily fluids
48
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Airborne Transmission
infection is carried on droplets traveling more than 1 meter
49
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Vector
disease is transmitted by a 'third party'
50
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Direct Contact
disease spread by kissing, touching, sex
51
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Indirect Contact
passed through shared objects
52
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Formite Shared Objects
A person can get sick by indirect contact if they have touched a formite. Think of velveteen rabbit
53
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Sporadic Infection
occur in individuals here and there, no widespread illness
54
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Endemic Infection
More than Sporadic, but still not a lot. Happen in concentrated areas
55
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Epidemic
Occur at higher than normal levels in population
56
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Pandemic
Worldwide illness
57
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Nosocomial
disease acquired at a hospital. Can be exogenous or endogenous
58
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Exogenous
External environment
59
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Endogenous
Disease from organisms usually present around patient, but not sick. Carriers
60
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | Universal Precautions
Hand washing, protective barriers, protocols for disposal of linens and "sharps"
61
Chapter 1 - Diseases: | "Sharps"
needles, scalpel...
62
Cells: | Name the six functional classes of membrane proteins
- ion channels - carriers - receptors - enzymes - linkers - cell ID markers
63
Cells: | What membrane protein is responsible for picking up signals outside the cell
Receptors
64
Cells: | What catalyzes chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Enzymes
65
Cells: | osmosis is diffusion of what?
Water
66
Cells: | Term that describes concentration of salts
tonicity
67
Cells: | Filtration refers to what?
Sorting particles based on size
68
Cells: | What cycle operates in a circular fashion, adding and subtracting carbons and giving off electrons as a side product?
Krebs cycle
69
Cells: | What is a gene?
a segment of DNA that codes for protien
70
Cells: | What is transcription?
one strand of the DNA double helix is read
71
Cells: | What is the function of mRNA?
carries coded message
72
Cells: | What is translation?
translates nucleic acid "language" into amino acid "language"
73
Cells: | Function of rRNA
forms ribosomes
74
Cells: | Function of tRNA
"trucks to bring AA's to growing protein
75
Cells: | What is a codon?
Sequence of the mRNA that codes for a protein (start codon always on AUG)
76
Cells: | What are the 2 types of mutations?
Frameshift and point
77
Cells: | What are the 3 phases of interphase?
G1, S, G2
78
Cells: | What's a diploid?
normal DNA content of all somatic cells
79
Cells: | What's a haploid?
Gameters with half the normal amount of DNA
80
Cells: | What happens in Meiosis I?
Starts like mitosis, creates 2 cells, DIFFERENCE DNA is halves, chromosomal cross over
81
Cells: | What happens in Meiosis II?
Two daughter cells split the same way
82
Microbiology: | What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Cocci, Bacilli,Spirilla
83
Microbiology: | What is the purpose of a gram stain?
Classifies bacteria based off of presence of cell wall
84
Microbiology: | How does bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
85
Microbiology: | What are the three stages of Binary Fission?
Lag, Log, Stationary
86
Microbiology: | 3 Relationships of Symbiosis?
Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism
87
Microbiology: Define: Virulence
Intensity of bacteria or microbial infections
88
Microbiology: | List three specific pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria
Adherence, Colonization, Capsulization
89
Microbiology: | What is the dormant bacteria called?
Endospore or spore
90
Microbiology: | What are the 2 classifications of Pathogenicity?
Acute and Latent

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