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HOSA > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System:

What are it’s 6 main functions?

A 
1 - Protection; helps keep outside out + inside in 
2 - Stimuli Reception (touch)
3 - Thermoregulation
4 - Synthesize Vitamin D
5 - Excretion
6 - Immunity
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2
Q

Integumentary System:

What body parts make up the integumentary system? (4)

A
  • Finger/toe nails
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Glands: sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), ceruminous glands (earwax)
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3
Q

Integumentary System:

What are the 3 general layers of skin?

A

1 - Epidermis
2 - Dermis
3 - Subcutaneous/Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia

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4
Q

Integumentary System:

a) How many layers are there in the epidermis?
b) Name the cells present, and their functions.
c) What type of cell is the outer layer made of?

A

a) 5
b) i. Keratinocyte: produces keratin, waterproofs, protective barrier
ii. Melanocyte: produces melanin, skin pigment, protects from UV/sunlight
c) stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Integumentary System:

What connective junctions are used

A

Hemidesmosomes and Desmosomes

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6
Q

Integumentary System:

What is pemphigus?

A

Disease that attacks desmosomes, skin falls apart

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7
Q

Integumentary System:

Layers of Keratinocyres in epidermis Deep to Superficial?

A

Stratum Basale, S. Spinosum, S. Granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum

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8
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of thick skin?

A

Lots of stratum lucidum, spinosum and corneum. Found on the ventral surface of hands and feet.

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9
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of thin skin?

A

Lacks a stratum lucidum

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10
Q

Integumentary System:

Pheomelanin

A

yellow to red pigment

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11
Q

Integumentary System:

Eumelanin

A

brown to black pigment

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12
Q

Integumentary System:

3 pigments of the body?

A

Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene

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13
Q

Integumentary System:

2 regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular

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14
Q

Integumentary System:

Characteristics of the papillary region?

A

Ridges in epidermis, blood vessels, sensory structures. AREOLAR

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15
Q

Integumentary System:

4 sensory receptors?

A

Meissner Corpuscles
Merkel Disks
Free Nerve Endings
Pacinian Corpuscles

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16
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Meissner Corpuscles?

A

Light touch

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17
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Merkel Disks?

A

Light touch

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18
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Free Nerve Endings?

A

Pain and temperature, itching and hair movements

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19
Q

Integumentary System:

Function of Pacinian Corpuscles?

A

Lamellated, Deep pressure and vibrations

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20
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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21
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is an isotope?

A

An atom that has gained or lost NEUTRONS

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22
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is an Ion?

A

A charged atom

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23
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions dissolved in a solution, can conduct electricity

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24
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is the most common electrolyte?

A

Sodium

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25
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is a free radical?

A

An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

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26
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are the three chemical bonds?

A

Covalent, Hydrogen, Ionic

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27
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is a surfactant?

A

Reduces surface tension in water, used in lungs

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28
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is a solution?

A

Solutes dissolved in solvent

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29
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is a colloid?

A

Substances that are dispersed, large particles not dissolved

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30
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

Why are buffers important?

A

They act like sponges and keep pH balanced

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31
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is the most important buffer system?

A

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System

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32
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are the characteristics of Organic Molecules?

A

Carbon, Complex, Combustible, Hydrogen

3 C’s and an H

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33
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is the difference between Cellulose and Starch?

A

Cellulose not digestible, Starch is how plants store sugar.

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34
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Releasing water molecule to create chemical bonds

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35
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are Eicosanoids?

A

Key chemicals in immune defense and inflammation

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36
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is Hydrolysis?

A

Water is added to break down chemical bonds

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37
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is a lipoprotein, 2 types?

A

Lipid carrier, LDL, HDL

38
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What is denaturation?

A

Destruction of 2nd 3rd 4th peptide bonds

39
Q

Chemistry - Organic and Inorganic:

What are the 4 nucleic acids for DNA, RNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

40
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Average for blood pressure?

A

110/70 to 120/80

41
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Dyslidemia

A

set point for fats is abnormal

42
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Signs

A

What the health care provider observes about the patient. Swelling, rashes, etc…

43
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Symptoms

A

internal or feeling, must be described by the patient

44
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Syndrome

A

group of signs and/or symptoms that occur together

45
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Autoimmune diseases

A

body attacks itself because it can’t recognize certain cells. Attacks through negative feedback

46
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Contact transmission

A

person transmits disease within 1 meter of other person

47
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Common Vehicle Transmission

A

Infection is carried through food, water, or bodily fluids

48
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Airborne Transmission

A

infection is carried on droplets traveling more than 1 meter

49
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Vector

A

disease is transmitted by a ‘third party’

50
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Direct Contact

A

disease spread by kissing, touching, sex

51
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Indirect Contact

A

passed through shared objects

52
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Formite Shared Objects

A

A person can get sick by indirect contact if they have touched a formite. Think of velveteen rabbit

53
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Sporadic Infection

A

occur in individuals here and there, no widespread illness

54
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Endemic Infection

A

More than Sporadic, but still not a lot. Happen in concentrated areas

55
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Epidemic

A

Occur at higher than normal levels in population

56
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Pandemic

A

Worldwide illness

57
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Nosocomial

A

disease acquired at a hospital. Can be exogenous or endogenous

58
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Exogenous

A

External environment

59
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Endogenous

A

Disease from organisms usually present around patient, but not sick. Carriers

60
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

Universal Precautions

A

Hand washing, protective barriers, protocols for disposal of linens and “sharps”

61
Q

Chapter 1 - Diseases:

“Sharps”

A

needles, scalpel…

62
Q

Cells:

Name the six functional classes of membrane proteins

A
  • ion channels
  • carriers
  • receptors
  • enzymes
  • linkers
  • cell ID markers
63
Q

Cells:

What membrane protein is responsible for picking up signals outside the cell

A

Receptors

64
Q

Cells:

What catalyzes chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

A

Enzymes

65
Q

Cells:

osmosis is diffusion of what?

A

Water

66
Q

Cells:

Term that describes concentration of salts

A

tonicity

67
Q

Cells:

Filtration refers to what?

A

Sorting particles based on size

68
Q

Cells:

What cycle operates in a circular fashion, adding and subtracting carbons and giving off electrons as a side product?

A

Krebs cycle

69
Q

Cells:

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that codes for protien

70
Q

Cells:

What is transcription?

A

one strand of the DNA double helix is read

71
Q

Cells:

What is the function of mRNA?

A

carries coded message

72
Q

Cells:

What is translation?

A

translates nucleic acid “language” into amino acid “language”

73
Q

Cells:

Function of rRNA

A

forms ribosomes

74
Q

Cells:

Function of tRNA

A

“trucks to bring AA’s to growing protein

75
Q

Cells:

What is a codon?

A

Sequence of the mRNA that codes for a protein (start codon always on AUG)

76
Q

Cells:

What are the 2 types of mutations?

A

Frameshift and point

77
Q

Cells:

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

78
Q

Cells:

What’s a diploid?

A

normal DNA content of all somatic cells

79
Q

Cells:

What’s a haploid?

A

Gameters with half the normal amount of DNA

80
Q

Cells:

What happens in Meiosis I?

A

Starts like mitosis, creates 2 cells, DIFFERENCE DNA is halves, chromosomal cross over

81
Q

Cells:

What happens in Meiosis II?

A

Two daughter cells split the same way

82
Q

Microbiology:

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Bacilli,Spirilla

83
Q

Microbiology:

What is the purpose of a gram stain?

A

Classifies bacteria based off of presence of cell wall

84
Q

Microbiology:

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

85
Q

Microbiology:

What are the three stages of Binary Fission?

A

Lag, Log, Stationary

86
Q

Microbiology:

3 Relationships of Symbiosis?

A

Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism

87
Q

Microbiology:
Define: Virulence

A

Intensity of bacteria or microbial infections

88
Q

Microbiology:

List three specific pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria

A

Adherence, Colonization, Capsulization

89
Q

Microbiology:

What is the dormant bacteria called?

A

Endospore or spore

90
Q

Microbiology:

What are the 2 classifications of Pathogenicity?

A

Acute and Latent

HOSA (1 decks)

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