Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What planes of the body are perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes and divide the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Frontal planes
What planes divide the body into right and left halves on a vertical axis?
Midsagittal plane, the median
What body angle is drawn at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes, and divides the body into superior and inferior sections?
Transverse plane, horizontal plane
What is indicated by the anatomical term, caudal?
Toward the lower end of the body
What is the process of absorption, storage, and the use of foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair?
The metabolism
What is the body’s self regulating control of internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the smallest unit of life, and the basic structural unit of all living things and a functional unit all by itself?
The cell
What has been called “the secret of life”?
Protoplasm
What is he typical cell made of?
Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
What is the process where solids and gasses (oxygen, protein, carbs, and salts) pass through the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
What are the 4 main groups of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
What Re the three types of epithelial tissue?
Columnar, squamous, and cuboidal
What is the main protective tissue of the body?
Squamous
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Areolar, adipose, Osseous
What type of tissue is commonly called fatty tissue?
Adipose
What type of tissue is known as bone tissue?
Osseous
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
What is the most complex tissue in the body?
Nerve
What is the basic cell of nerve tissue?
The neuron
How many bones in an adult?
206
What gives bones its strength and hardness?
Inorganic mineral salts
What bones are classified as long?
Femur and humerus
What bones are classified as flat?
Skull, sternum, and scapula
What bones are classified as irregular?
Vertebrae, mandible, hyoid, pelvic
What are the main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial, appendicular
What’s in the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebrae, and thorax
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones in the upper and lower extremities
How many bones in the human skull?
28
What cranial bone forms the roof of the skull?
Parietal bones
What part of the skull is the base and back of the skull and contains a hole called the foreman magnum?
The occipital bone
What prominence is responsible for the cheeks?
Zygomatic bones
What is the name of the lower jaw?
The mandible
What is the mandibles main function?
Mastication
What is the name of the first of the 7 cspine vertebrae?
The atlas
How many vertebrae are in cspine, tspine, Lspine?
7, 12, 5
What is the name for the first 7 ribs attached to the sternum?
True ribs
How many carpal bones form the wrist?
8
What is formed whenever two bones are attached to each other?
A joint
What type of joints are contained within the skull?
Immovable
What is the muscle that the mandible to close the jaw?
The masseter
What is the primary muscle for respiration?
The diaphragm
What site is the preferred site for IM injections?
Gluteus muscle
How much fluid is exceeded daily by sweat glands?
About 1 liter
What is the key of the red blood cells ability to carry oxygen?
Hemoglobin
How long will a red blood cell live in the body?
100-120 days
What organ is called the graveyard, where old, worn out cells are removed from the blood stream?
The spleen
What is the ratio of red to white blood cells?
One white blood cell to 600 red cells.
What membranous sac encloses the heart?
The pericardium
Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood?
Via the superior and inferior vena cava
What is contraction of the heart?
Systole
What is the relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
What are three distinct classification for blood vessels in the body?
Distributors, arteries
Exchangers, capillaries
Collectors, veins
What is the name of the large artery going to the arm?
The axillary that leads to the brachial
What is the artery in your wrist that you can feel?
Radial
What is the name for the system of vessels that collect blood for he capillaries and carry it back to the heart?
Veins
What is the largest artery in the body, and is a tube like structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart?
The aorta
What arteries provide blood to the muscle and skin of the face as well as the brain and the eyes?
The carotid arteries
What arteries supply blood to the upper extremities, branching off to the back, chest, neck, and brain through the spinal column?
The subclavian arteries
Where does the aorta divide to supply blood to the lower extremities?
Left and right iliacs
What does the left and right iliacs become upon entering the thigh?
The femoral arteries
What is the name for the artery in the knee?
The popliteal artery
What venous system contains the only veins in the body that carry fresh oxygenated blood?
The pulmonary veins
What vein is most commonly used for vena puncture?
The median cubital
Although lymph usually is clear, what is the term for milky lymph that results following ingestion of a fatty meal?
Chyle
Which part of the lymphatic system gives immunity, resistance, to the effects of a specific disease causing agents?
Lymphocytes
What is the function of lymph nodes?
They act as filters to remove bacteria and particles from the lymph stream, lymph nodes also participate in the manufacture of white blood cells.
What is contained in lymph nodes which engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris?
Macrophages
What is a lidlike, cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx?
Epiglottis
What are thin microscopic air sacs found in the lungs?
Alveoli
Which lung is larger, and why?
The right because of the heart resides to the left
How many lobes are in the right and left lungs?
Right, 3
Left, 2
What is the inter-pleural space between the two lungs?
Mediastinum
What is he primary muscle of respiration?
The diaphragm
What nerve controls the larynx?
The vagus nerve
What is the term for labored or difficulty breathing?
Dyspnea
What are the two major groups of the nervous system?
The central nervous system, CNS
The peripheral nervous system, PNS
What composes the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What are the two major divisions of the brain?
The cerebrum and the cerebellum
What is the outer surface of the brain and is also called “gray matter”?
The cortex
What portion of the brain lies underneath the cortex layer and is often called “white matter”?
The medulla
What part of the cerebrum is associated with higher mental processes such as memory?
The frontal lobe
What part of the cerebrum is associated with general sensations?
The parietal lobe
What part of the brain is concerned with bringing balance, harmony, and coordination to the motions initiated by the cerebrum?
The cerebellum
What two small divisions of the brain form the brain stem and are vital to life?
The pons
Medulla oblongata
What controls the hearts action, breathing, circulation, and other vital processes such as bloop pressure?
The medulla oblongata
What is e outer surface of the brain and spinal chord covered with?
The meninges
What is inflammation of the meninges?
Meningitis
What number of nerves make up the PNS?
12 cranial
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Which cranial nerve involves the nose?
Olfactory
Which cranial nerve is involved with the eye?
Optic nerve
Which cranial nerve moves the muscles of the face?
Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve is involved with hearing?
Acoustic nerve
Which cranial nerve is composed of motor fibers?
The vagus nerve
What cranial nerve moves muscles of the neck?
Accessory nerve
Which nerve controls the muscle of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
What is the outer layer of the eye called?
The sclera
What is the middle eye called?
The choroid
What is the inner layer of the eye?
THe retina
What part of the retina is responsible for night visions?
Rods
What part of the retina is responsible for daytime vision?
Cones
What are the Bree auditory ossicles in the middle ear which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid in the inner ear?
The malleus, (hammer)
The incus, (anvil)
The stapes, (stirrup)
What is often called the master gland of the body?
The pituitary gland
What is the size and location of the thyroid gland?
It’s shaped like a butterfly and is located in the anterior part of the neck below the larynx
What is the location of the adrenal glands?
Superior part of the kidneys
What sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
Androgens, males
Estrogens, female
What term refers to the primary sex organ for the reproduction system for males and females?
Gonads
Where does most food absorption take place?
The small intestines
What are the three parts of the small intestines?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What is the source of the digestive juice bile?
The liver
What is the source of the digestive juice amylase?
Pancreas
What amount of time is required for the stomach to empty after a normal meal?
It is half empty in an hour and completely empty in six hours
What are the three parts of the large intestines?
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
What amount of saliva is secreted daily?
About 1. Liter
What is the largest gland in the body?
The liver
What amount of urine is excreted daily?
1-1.500ml
What amount of urine can the bladder hold?
600ml
The desire to urinate may not occur until he bladder contains what amount?
250-300ml
What is an oocyte?
An immature egg cell
