Anatomy and Physiology 2

Question 1

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 1

Secretes hormones. 
Ductless glands.
Hormones secreted enter the blood.
Causes tissue and glands to respond and create chemical reactions.
Slower than nerve impulses.

Question 2

What is needed for communication to take place?

Answer 2

Hormones and receptors sites to communicate between different glands.

Question 3

What is a target organ?

Answer 3

An organ effected by a hormone.

Question 4

How do non-steroid hormones work?

Answer 4

Receptor molecules in cell membrane
Adenylate cytase causes ATP to create cAMP
cAMP makes protein kineses active
Protein kinese activates subtrate
Causes cellular changes.

Question 5

How do steroidal hormones work?

Answer 5

The steroid penetrates the cell membrane and binds to a receptor in the nucleus.

Question 6

Describe the function and anatomy of the Pituitary Gland

Answer 6

Located at the base of the brain.
Has an anterior and posterior parts.
The anterior arises from roof of the mouth.
The posterior arises from the brain.

Question 7

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 7

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
PRL (prolactin) 
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
GH (growth hormone)

Question 8

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 8

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
-Targets kidneys
Oxytocin
-Targets prostate gland, uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands.

Question 9

What function does the thyroid serve?

Answer 9

Increases rate of energy released from carbohydrates (metabolism). Increases protein synthesis. Increases growth of individual. Stimulates nervous system.

Question 10

What are some effects of hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

A goiter (bulge) develops. In children, physical and mental growth may be effected (cretinism). Mixedema in adults (swelling/puffy)

Question 11

What are some effects hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

Develops Grave’s Disease. A goiter always develops. Exophthalamus (eyes bulging).

Question 12

What does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 12

Secretes parathyroid hormone. Helps release calcium from bones and lower blood calcium levels. Promotes osteoclastic activity.

Question 13

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 13

Secretes digestive enzymes that helps break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Made of mostly acinar cells. Has Islets of Langerhans which are circular, lighter areas of cells.

Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secretes insulin, delta cells secrete somatostatin.

Question 14

What does the adrenal gland do?

Answer 14

The sympathetic nervous system attaches and stimulates the medulla. Increase heart rate, blood flow, air passaged dilate, promotes glycogen to glucose in the liver, enables “flight or fight” response. The hormones from the medulla are not necessary for live.

Question 15

What are the parts of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 15

Outer: Glomerulosa. Middle: Fasiculata. Inner: Reticularis. All three parts secrete steroids. The outer layer secretes mineral steroids that helps regulate electrolytes. The middle layer secretes cortisol that is involved with metabolism of carbs, lipids and fats. The inner layer secretes gonado corticodes.

Question 16

What are some traits of hyposecretion in the adrenal gland?

Answer 16

Addison’s disease. Sodium level drops, blood pressure drops, skin pigmentation darknes.

Question 17

What are some traits of hypersecretion in the adrenal gland?

Answer 17

Cushing’s disease. Tissue protein becomes wasted, blood glucose level goes up, tissue fluid goes up, depresses immune system.

Question 18

What is the composition of whole blood?

Answer 18

Plasma (plasma proteins 7%, other solutes 1%, Water 92%). Formed elements (platelets .1%, White blood cells .1%, red blood cells 99.9%).

Question 19

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 19

“blood protein”. Contains iron which allows it to carry oxygen. It also makes the blood red. Oxygen + hemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin. Some animals have copper instead of iron which turns blood blue. 98% of oxygen in body is carried by hemoglobin. Aldo carries CO2 (about 20%) HCO3 is carried in plasma.

Question 20

What is a megakaryote cell?

Answer 20

A cell here platelets come from. The platelets pinch off the cell.

Question 21

What is Erythropoiesis?

Answer 21

A process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin.

Question 22

Where is the most iron found?

Answer 22

Found in hemoglobin.

Question 23

What is anemia and what are the effects?

Answer 23

Anemia is a lower oxygen carrying capacity. Iron is the main deficiency. Some effects are chills, fatigue, shortness of breath.

Question 24

What are some forms of anemia?

Answer 24

Hemorrhagic (blood less), Hemolytic (destruction of red blood cells), Aplastic (destruction of red bone marrow), Pernicious (vitamin b12 deficiency).

Question 25

What is polycythemia?

Answer 25

Excessive red blood cells. Blood becomes thick. Can be caused by cancer in blood marrow.

Question 26

Describe white blood cells.

Answer 26

Produced by macrophages and lymph cells.

Question 27

What are some white blood cell disorders?

Answer 27

Leukocytosis (excessive white blood cells), Leukopenia (Insufficient white blood cells, caused by certain drugs), Leukemia (Cancer. Named for abnormality of cell).

Question 28

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 28

Platelets formed my megakaryotes. Thrombopoietin stimulates production of thrombocytes.

Question 29

What is hemostasis?

Answer 29

Blood stops own loss.

Question 30

What are 3 ways blood stops its own loss?

Answer 30

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation.

Question 31

Describe vascular spasm.

Answer 31

Happens in small blood vessels. Vessel will constrict to stop blood loss. Vessels will shut themselves down when faced with trauma.

Question 32

Describe platelet plug formation.

Answer 32

Platelets start clumping together when they come into contact with a rough surface. Fibrin starts intermeshing with platelets. Can happen in intact blood vessels.

Question 33

Describe coagulation.

Answer 33

Fibrin is made from fibrinogen, which requires thrombin to active. Thrombin is activated by a prothrombin activator that is needed to turn prothrombin into thrombin. There are 13 factors involved with clotting.

Question 34

What are the different blood types?

Answer 34

A blood cells are type A blood and have antibody B. B blood cells are type B blood and have antibody A. A+B cells are type AB and have no antigens. O blood cells are type O and have both A+B antibodies.