Anatomy and Physiology (2) Flashcards
Explain how the muscles and bones work together to produce movement from position A to position B
[3 marks]
- I have bullet pointed the mark scheme but be sure to be specific with the bones, muscles etc
- The bicep acts as the agonist and the tricep acts as the antagonist
-The tendons around the bicep pull on the radius and Ulna bones
- Flexion occurs at the elbow joint
-The ligaments connectthe bones to provide stability at the joint
- The Humerus, Radius and Ulna articulate at the joint
- The Bicep contracts concentrically as the muscle shortens
Q1) Give an example from the skeleton where a hinge joint can be found [1 mark]
Q2)Give an example from the skeleton where a ball and socketjoint can be found [1 mark]
Q1) Elbow, Ankle, Knee
Q2) Hip, Shoulder
Explain how Ibrahim’s Skeletal muscle and the Muscular system work together to produce movement [4marks]
- I have bullet pointed the mark scheme but be sure to be specific with the bones, muscles etc
Use an example to help structure your answer
1- Ligaments connect bone to bone [be specific], providing stability at the joint
2- Tendons connect muscle to bone [be specific], allowing movement as the muscles pull the bones
3- Muscles work in pairs [name the muscles in your example] as they can only pull. The agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes
4- Different types of movement possible such as Flexion, Extension etc
5-Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet
6- Different types of contractions possible such as concentric, eccentric and isometric
7- The different categories of bone e.g long bone generates more force and pace, which is needed for movement such as kicking a rugby ball
Explain= give example and say why/how
Identify and touch the 15 bones.
Also,identify and define the 4 classifications for the skeletal system
1= Cranium 2= Clavicle 3= Scapula 4= Humerus 5= Radius 6= Ulna 7= Sternum 8= Ribs 9= Vertebrae 10= Pelvis 11= Femur 12= Patella 13= Tibia 14= Fibula 15= Talus
Flat bones– Protects vital organs
Long bones– Generates more force andGenerates more pace
Short bones– Focuses on precision and accuracy
Irregular bones– Specific shape to protect. E.g Patella
Provide 2 bones and 2sporting examples for the Flat bones
*your examples don’t need to match mine, but the flat bones need to match the correct organ
Flat bones
Cranium= Protects the brain when heading a football
Sternum= Protects the heart when chesting a football
Ribs= Protects the lungs when tackled during Rugby
Pelvis= Protects the bladder when tackled during Rugby
Provide 1 bone and a sporting example for the short bones
Short bones
Talus- Focuses on accuracyand precision when moving from Plantarflexion to Dorsiflexion when kicking a conversion in Rugby.
Provide 2 bones and 2sporting examples for the Long bones
Humerus, Radius or Ulna = Acts as large levers which generates more force and pace when performing a smash in tennis
Femur, Tibia or Fibula= Acts as large levers which generates more force and pace when striking a football
What is meant by the term articulating bones?
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement e.g humerus, radius and ulna at the elbow joint
Explain three functions of the skeleton [3marks]
1.Blood cell production- Red blood cells are created in the bone marrow, redblood cells are crucial to aerobic activities as they transport oxygen to the working muscles and remove the waste product Carbon dioxide.
2.Storage of minerals- are essential to major bodily functions, minerals such as calcium are linked to general health.
3.Protection of Viral organs- The flat bones provide protection to the vital organs, such as the cranium. This is important for an athlete as it reduces the likelihood of injury
4.Shape and Structure- The skeleton provides basic structure to keep our frame. Also, the bones provide the muscles with something to attach to via the tendon
5.Support- The skeleton provides us with support, without it we would be a mass of soft tissue
6.Movement- In combination with the muscular system the skeletal system allows movement to occur, as the muscles pull on the bones to allow sporting movement to take place.
The shape and type of bones determine the amount of movement that is possible
Explain the role of long bones during a game of Badminton [3 marks]
-Long levers generate more pace
-Long levers generate more force
-This is beneficial in Badminton when performing a smash shot to win a rally
Identify the different parts of a Synovial joint
1= Synovial fluid
2= Cartilage
3= Ligament
4= Synovial membrane
5= Joint capsule
6= Bursae
Identify A, B and C at the knee joint
A=Cartilage
B= Synovial fluid
C=Ligament
How does the structure of each part of a synovial joint prevent injury? [2 marks]
- They prevent the bones rubbing together, reducing friction
- They prevent excessive movements
What is the function of the Cartilage, Synovial fluid, Ligaments, Bursae, synovial membrane and Joint capsule in relation to preventing injury?
Cartilage= Absorbs shock and acts as a buffer between the bones, prevents excessive movemetns
Synovial fluid= Lubriactes the joint
Ligaments= Provides stability at the joint and restricts excessive movements
Bursae= Sacks of fluid with reduce friction
Synovial membrane= Secretes Synovial fluid
Joint capsule= Lined with Synovial membrane supports the joints
Q1) Give an example from the skeleton where a hinge joint can be found [1 mark]
Q2)Give an example from the skeleton where a ball and socketjoint can be found [1 mark]
Q1) Elbow, Ankle, Knee
Q2) Hip, Shoulder
Identify the different parts of a Synovial joint
1= Synovial fluid
2= Cartilage
3= Ligament
4= Synovial membrane
5= Joint capsule
6= Bursae
The shape and type of bones determine the amount of movement that is possible
Explain the role of long bones during a game of Badminton [3 marks]
-Long levers generate more pace
-Long levers generate more force
-This is beneficial in Badminton when performing a smash shot to win a rally
Identify A, B and C at the knee joint
A=Cartilage
B= Synovial fluid
C=Ligament
How does the structure of each part of a synovial joint prevent injury? [2 marks]
- They prevent the bones rubbing together, reducing friction
- They prevent excessive movements
What is the function of the Cartilage, Synovial fluid, Ligaments, Bursae, synovial membrane and Joint capsule in relation to preventing injury?
Cartilage= Absorbs shock and acts as a buffer between the bones, prevents excessive movemetns
Synovial fluid= Lubriactes the joint
Ligaments= Provides stability at the joint and restricts excessive movements
Bursae= Sacks of fluid with reduce friction
Synovial membrane= Secretes Synovial fluid
Joint capsule= Lined with Synovial membrane supports the joints
outline how two features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury
Analyse how different types of bones help an individual taking part in a sporting activity of your choice. [total 6 marks]
AO1 – Knowledge of different types of bones e.g.
* Long bones allow large/fast/powerful movements.
* Short bones allow fine/precise/accurate movements.
* Flat bones provide protection to vital organs.
AO2 – Application to the sporting activity of choice e.g. rugby
* An example of a long bone is the humerus which a rugby player would use when passing.
* An example of short bones are the tarsals which the rugby player would use when kicking at goal.
* An example of flat bones are the ribs which would protect the heart and lungs of the rugby player when they are tackled.
AO3 – Analysis of how different types of bones help an individual taking part in a sporting activity of your choice. e.g.
* Long bones allow the rugby player run fast, avoiding opponents tackles and making them more likely to score a try.
* Long bones allow the rugby player to kick further allowing them to score points when further away from the posts.
* Short bones allow the rugby player to kick accurately making it more likely a conversion will go between the posts.
* Flat bones prevent injuries during a tackle in rugby which means the player can continue to participate in the sport.
Accept any other appropriate analysis of how different types of bones help an individual taking part in a sporting activity of your choice.
