Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 2 - LIVER ✔️ > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

What is parenchymal?

A

Texture of tissue in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

The liver is the _________ _________ organ in the body.

A

Largest parenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cavity of the body is the liver in?

A

Intraperitoneal/peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The liver is what kind of “factory”?

A

Chemical factory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the liver used during scanning?

A

Used to evaluate other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal cortex is more or less echogenic than the liver?

A

Less echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Renal cortex is what compared to the liver?

A

Hypoechoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Renal sinus is what compared to the liver and the renal cortex?

A

Echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organ has similar echogenicity to the liver?

A

The spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pancreas compared to the liver.

A

More echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal size of the liver?

A

15-18 cm

Varies in size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What abdominal regions does the liver occupy?

A

Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What covers the liver?

A

The ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the stomach lie in relation to the left lobe of the liver?

A

Posterior and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The duodenum lies how compared to the liver?

A

Lies adjacent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the pancreas seen compared to the left lobe of the liver?

A

Slightly inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is posterior to the liver?

A

Right kidney
IVC
AO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What runs along the superior border of the liver?

A

The diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the liver suspended by?

A

The falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The liver is mostly covered by what?

A

The peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The peritoneum cover most of the liver, however what is the small area called the is not covered and what is it not covering?

A

Bare area

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can occur in the subphrenic space?

A

Fluid accumulation

Abscess formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another name for the right subphrenic space?

A

Morison’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the liver.

A

Right
Left
Caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The right lobe is the _________ compared to the other lobes.

A

Largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What abdominal region does the right lobe occupy?

A

Right hypochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Impression of where something lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What fossa’s are found posterior to the right lobe?

A

Porta hepatis
Gallbladder
IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What extra part can be found in the right lobe?

A

Reidel’s lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe Reidel’s lobe.

A

Congenital variant
Anterior projection
More common in women
Normal texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does Reidel’s lobe located in the right lobe clinically present?

A

Hepatomegaly

RUQ mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What segment is Reidel’s lobe an elongation of?

A

Segment VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What abdominal regions does the left lobe occupy?

A

Epigastric

Left hypochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the size of the left lobe?

A

Varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What impression is found on the undersurface of the left lobe?

A

Gastric impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What lobe is located in the medial, posterioinferior left lobe?

A

Quadrate lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the Quadrate lobe bounded by?

A

Gallbladder fossa, porta hepatis, umbilical vein fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the caudate lobe.

A

Small
Posterior portion
Bounded by porta hepatis, IVC fossa,ductus venosus fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What separates the caudate and left lobe?

A

Ligamentum venosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Who divided the liver into surgical resections?

A

Couinaud’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many segments are there in Couinaud’s surgical resections?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Segment I?

A

Caudate lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is Segment II?

A

Superior lateral left lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is Segment III?

A

Inferior lateral left lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Segment IV?

A

Medial segment of the left - Quadrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is Segment V?

A

Anterior inferior segment of the right lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is Segment VI?

A

Posterior inferior segment of the right lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is Segment VII?

A

Posterior superior segment of the right lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Segment VIII?

A

Anterior superior segment of the right lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 8 segments based on?

A

The portal and hepatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What divides the liver longitudinally?

A

Right, middle, left hepatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What divides the liver transversely through an invisible plane?

A

Right and left portal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do ligaments and fissures appear ultrasonically and why?

A

Echogenic or hyperechoic because of the presence of collagen and fat within and around the structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Name 5 ligaments or fissures found in the liver.

A 
Glisson capsule
Main lobar fissure
Falciform ligament
Ligamentum teres (round ligament)
Ligamentum venosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Describe Glisson’s capsule.

A

Thin connective tissue
Surrounds liver - protects it
Thickest around IVC and porta hepatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Describe the porta hepatis.

A

Liver hilum
Inferior surface of liver
Contains PV, HA, CBD, nerves, lymph vessels

56
Q

Describe the main lobar fissure.

A

Boundary between right and left lobes

Hyperechoic line from portal vein to gallbladder

57
Q

Describe the falciform ligament.

A

Formed from mid portion of coronary ligament
Umbilicus to the diaphragm
Inferior margin contains ligamentum teres

58
Q

Describe ligamentum teres.

A

Echogenic focus
Dividing the medial and lateral left lobe
Circular echogenic structure

59
Q

What is the ligamentum teres remnant of?

A

The umbilical vein

60
Q

Why would the ligamentum teres will recanalize?

A

Cirrhosis

Portal hypertension

61
Q

Describe the ligamentum venosum.

A

Remnant ductus venosus
Thin echogenic line anterior to the caudate lobe
Separates caudate from left lobe

62
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Indent where the vein lays

63
Q

What fissure contains the right hepatic vein?

A

Right intersegmental fissure

64
Q

How does the right intersegmental fissure divide the liver?

A

Anterior and posterior

65
Q

What fissure contains the left hepatic vein?

A

Left intersegmental fissure

66
Q

How does the left intersegmental fissure divide the liver?

A

Medial and Lateral

67
Q

What ligaments suspend the liver from the diaphragm?

A

Coronary and triangular ligaments

68
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver

69
Q

Describe the hepatic artery vascularly.

A

High in oxygen
20-30% of blood supply
Branch of celiac axis
Bifurcates into left and right

70
Q

What kind of resistance is present in the hepatic artery?

A

Low resistance

71
Q

Main portal vein in the ______ _______ - _______ _______

A

Porta hepatis - liver hilum

72
Q

Right portal vein is the _______ branch.

A

Larger

73
Q

Left portal vein is _________ _________.

A

More anterior

74
Q

Describe main portal vein.

A 
Junction of SV and SMV
Anterior to IVC
Enters porta hepatis 
Bifurcates in liver
Less than 13 mm AP
75
Q

Describe the right portal vein.

A

Courses laterally and posteriorly

Splits into anterior and posterior branches

76
Q

Describe left portal vein.

A

Courses superiorly

Splits into medial and lateral branches

77
Q

Portal vein enlargement is an indication of what?

A

Portal hypertension

78
Q

Describe the portal vein vascularly.

A

Supplies greater than 60% of total blood supply to liver
Lower in oxygen
Branches into right and left
Enters the center of the liver lobes supplied
Two systems mix blood in the sinusoids

79
Q

Right hepatic vein is the _________ and left hepatic vein is the ________.

A

Largest

Smallest

80
Q

What do the hepatic veins do?

A

Enter IVC below diaphragm
Drains blood from liver and returns it to the heart
Courses between hepatic lobes and fissures
(intersegmental & interlobar)

81
Q

Describe the right hepatic vein.

A 
Largest
Drains right lobe
Divides right lobe into anterior & posterior segments
In right segmental fissure
Longitudinal plane
82
Q

Describe middle hepatic vein.

A

Separates right and left lobes
In main lobar fissure
Transverse plane

83
Q

Describe left hepatic vein.

A 
Smallest
Drains left lobe
Divides left lobe into medial & lateral segments 
In left segmental fissure
Transverse plane
84
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

Carries blood from the bowel to the liver

85
Q

Portal veins versus hepatic veins

A

PV - SV joins SMV to from PV, larger at their origin, branches point to the porta hepatis, ECHOGENIC wall, TRAVERSES the lobes, INTRAsegmental, continuous Doppler

HV - flow into IVC, course between lobes, larger as they drain into IVC, branches point to the diaphragm, INTERsegmental, multi phasic Doppler

86
Q

Describe layout of the portal triad.

A

PV, HA, CBD
HA anterior and medial to PV
CBD anterior and lateral to PV
“Mickey Mouse” sign

87
Q

What are the parts to the hepatobiliary system?

A

Liver, bile ducts, gallbladder

88
Q

What 2 things does the hepatobiliary system do?

A

Metabolic and excretory

89
Q

Describe metabolic.

A

Chemical reactions to sustain life

90
Q

Describe excretory.

A

Elimination of waste products of metabolism

91
Q

What equals the CBD?

A

Bile canaliculi&raquo_space; interlobular ducts&raquo_space; right and left hepatic ducts&raquo_space; common hepatic duct + cystic duct = CBD

92
Q

Where does the CBD enter?

A

Enters the duodenum through the Ampulla of Vater

93
Q

What are the 6 liver functions?

A

Metabolism, waste removal, digestion, storage, detoxification, synthesis and secretion of bile

94
Q

Lobules are a _______ unit

A

Functional

95
Q

Hepatocytes radiate to the…

A

Periphery around a vein

96
Q

What is found in the outer margin of the lobules?

A

Portal triad tracts

97
Q

What are sinusoids lined with?

A

Endothelials and Kupffer cells

98
Q

Portal triad =

A

CHA, CBD, MPV

99
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Synthesize, metabolize, and excrete compounds

100
Q

What do Kupffer cells do?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and foreign material

101
Q

Define metabolism…

A

Synthesizing complex substances into simple ones for energy

Carbohydrates - hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

102
Q

Describe protein…

A 
Amino acids to fatty acids
Albumin synthesis (hypoalbuminemia)
Protein synthesis (blood clotting & vitamin k)
103
Q

Liver enzymes are…

A

AST, ALT, Alk Phos

104
Q

Describe biliary obstruction enzyme levels…

A

AST and ALT mild elev
Alk aphis marked elev
Abn in metastatic

105
Q

Describe hepatocellular obstruction enzyme levels…

A

AST and ALT striking elev

ALT more specific

106
Q

Define hepatocellular disease…

A

Liver cells are the immediate problem

Usually treated medically with supportive measures and drugs

107
Q

Define obstructive disorders…

A

Bile excretion is blocked

Usually treated surgically

108
Q

AST and ALT elev will be release for what other diseases?

A

Heart and skeletal damage

109
Q

ALT elevated above AST means what?

A

Hepatic causes

110
Q

Alk Phos elev will be released for what other diseases?

A

Bone disease and normal pregnancy

111
Q

What is produced by the liver and yolk sac of a fetus and decreases after birth?

A

Alpha fetoprotein

112
Q

Digestion expels…

A

Waste products through bile

113
Q

Bile is formed…

A

Continuously and transported by ducts

114
Q

What are the digestion components?

A

Water, bile salts, bile pigment, cholesterol, lecithin, and protein

115
Q

During digestion, what is released and when?

A

Bilirubin is released when RBCs are broken down

116
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Vitamins, iron/copper, glycogen, fat, amino acids

117
Q

What happens during detoxification?

A 
Chemical waste products are removed
Ammonium is converted to urea
Urea is eliminated by the kidneys
Level is measured in BUN
BUN may be low in severe liver diseases
Ammonium accumulation -breath odor will be noticed
118
Q

What is removed during detoxification?

A

Poisonous substances
Bacteria
Alcohol

119
Q

What is bilirubin a product of?

A

Hemoglobin

120
Q

During the uptake, what happens?

A

Bilirubin is separated from albumin

121
Q

What happens during conjugation?

A

Combining

122
Q

What happens during excretion?

A

Transporting

123
Q

2 types of measurement?

A

Direct and indirect

124
Q

Describe direct measurements…

A

Conjugated
Elevated hepatocellular disease
Elevated biliary obstruction - stone, mass, neoplasm

125
Q

Describe indirect measurements…

A

Up conjugated

Elevated hematologist diseases

126
Q

Elevated bilirubin can cause what?

A

Jaundice

127
Q

What is caused if estrogen is not metabolized?

A

Liver disease - gynecomastia (breast enlargement) or testicular atrophy

128
Q

Bile is a product of the what?

A

Liver

129
Q

Describe bile…

A

Formed continuously in the hepatocytes
Collects and is transported in the ducts
Water, bile salts, and pigment
Emulsification of fat and removal of wastes

130
Q

Describe AST…

A

Enzyme present in tissue with high metabolism
Any disease that injures the cells
Significant elevations is acute hepatitis and cirrhosis
Elevated with hepatic necrosis and infectious mononucleosis

131
Q

Describe ALT…

A

MORE SPECIFIC THAN AST FOR LIVER
Slightly elevated in acute cirrhosis, mets, and pancreatitis
Mild to moderate elevation in obstructive jaundice
Highly elevated in infectious diseases and toxic hepatitis

132
Q

Describe LDH…

A

Moderate elevation in infectious mononucleosis
Mildly elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and obstructive jaundice
Detects myocardial and pulmonary infarction

133
Q

Describe Alk Phos…

A

Produced by liver, bone, and placenta

Good indicator of intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction - CA, abscess, cirrhosis

Moderately elevated in hepatitis and cirrhosis

134
Q

What is prothrombin time?

A

Blood clotting
Vitamin K
Liver diesels causes an increase in PT

135
Q

Describe albumin and globulin…

A

Metabolic disorders

Decreased levels may be seen in liver disease

136
Q

Indications for a liver US?

A 
RUQ pain
Palpable mass
Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Hx of alcohol abuse
Abnormal LFTs
?Mets
Pancreatitis
137
Q

Prep for a liver US?

A

NPO for 8 hrs if gallbladder is being evaluated

138
Q

List relative echogenicities in the ABD from hyperechoic to hypoechoic…

A

Renal sinus, pancreas, liver, spleen, renal parenchyma

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 2 - LIVER ✔️ (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions