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Advanced Biology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the parts or structure of the human body

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of the function of the parts of the body

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3
Q

requirements for life

A

water- temp regulation, metabolic processes, chemical reactions, transport materials
food- energy, building blocks, regualte chemical reactions
oxygen- used in food breakdown (cellular respiration)
heat- speed up chemical reations
pressure- moves most things in and out of the body

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4
Q

cellular (aerobic) respiration

A

food breakdown

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintianing a stable internal environment

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6
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

opposes or resists any change from normal set point (temp control, blood pressure)

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7
Q

components of NFS

A

receptors- specialized nerve endings
control center- contains the set point (brains/spinal cord)
effectors- muscles and glands

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8
Q

levels of organization

A 
atoms 
molecules
macromolecules 
cells 
tissue 
organ 
system 
organism
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9
Q

Body coverings

A

integumentary

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10
Q

support and movment

A

skeletal and muscle

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11
Q

integration and cordonation

A

enocrine and nervous

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12
Q

trasport

A

cardiovasular, lymphatic

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13
Q

absorbtion and excretion

A

digestive, urinary, respiratory

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14
Q

reporduction

A

reproductive

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15
Q

dorsal cavity

A

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

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16
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity
diaphrahm
abdominopelvic cavity

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17
Q

supieror

A

above

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18
Q

inferior

A

below

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19
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front

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20
Q

postierar (dorsal)

A

back

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21
Q

medial

A

middle

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22
Q

lateral

A

further from middle

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23
Q

proximal

A

closer to core of attachment

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24
Q

distal

A

further from core of attachment

25
Q

superficial

A

closer to surface

26
Q

deep

A

deeper from surface

27
Q

tissues

A

group of cells which perfrom specialized structural and functional roles

28
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial- top layer of anything
connective- everything else
muscle- anything that contracts
nervous

29
Q

epithelial characteristics

A 
covers all free body surfaces 
major tissue of endocrine glands 
anchored to connective tissue 
lacks direct blood supply 
highly mitotic 
little intercellular space
30
Q

cell shapes

A

squamous- pancake
cuboidal- cube
columnar- elongated

31
Q

cell arrangement

A

simpe- single layer
stratified- multiple layers
pseudostratified- looks multiple but is single

32
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells
allows for rapid exchange and diffusion
line lungs and blood vessels

33
Q

simple cuboidal epithelim

A

functions in secretion and absorption
ovaries kindey tissue
ducts of salivary glands, thyroid, pancreas

34
Q

simmple columnar epithelium

A

uterus and digestive tract
thicker to protect underlying tissue
absorbing cells have specialized microvilli to ingrease surface area
goblet cells secret thick muscus over cells
some cellss produce digestive enzymes

35
Q

pseudostratified columner

A

nuclei are located at various levels
most have cillia
line upper respiratory tract to trap and move material
faloopial tubes to move eyes

36
Q

stratified squamous

A 
many layers 
top layers become flattened and dead 
protect underlying tissues 
lowest level consinuously dividing 
epidermis of skin and line oifices 
usually contain keratin (protein producing a hard water, friction and invader proof lining)
37
Q

transitional

A

specialized to undergo changes in tension in cavity (strech)
urinary tract- bladder, urers, urethra, esophogous

38
Q

glands- exocrine

A

secrete products into ducts

sweat, sebaceous, enzymes

39
Q

glands- endocrine

A

secret products directily into blood or fluid around target cells
hormones

40
Q

single celled glands

A

mucus cells

serous cells- secrete a water fluid with enzymes

41
Q

connective tissue

A 
most abundant 
spaced apart 
intercellular material (matrix)
range from liquid to solid
can contain fibers 
funcitons vary 
most are vascular
42
Q

collagen fibers

A

composed of protein collagen
very high tensile strenth
flixie but ressits strechging
appear white in high concentraiton

43
Q

elastic fibers

A

compsoed of protein elastin
can strech and return to origianl size and shap
not as strong
appear yellow

44
Q

loose connective tissues (areolar)

A

semifluid liquid matrix with collagen and elastin fibers running in all directions
form the thin membrans wrapping manyh organs
binds skin to muscle
allows fro flexible movement of orgnas

45
Q

adipose tissue

A

contain fat stroage cells

46
Q

dense connective tissue

A 
compose largely of collagen fibers 
irregular- found in drmis of skin 
regular- fibers in definite patter 
found in tendons, ligaments, white of yhes 
porr blood suplly slow to repair
47
Q

cartilage

A

rubbery gel like matrix with collagen fibers produced by candrocyes- cells foudn in small cavities called lacunae
slow to heal

48
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline- most common. found in ends of bones, nost rings of trachea
elastic- most flixible. external ear and larynx
fibrocartilage- tough shock absorbing. between verebae, pelvie bones, and knee joint

49
Q

Bone

A

solid matix of mainly calcium phosphate
contain collagen to keep from becoming over brittle
osteocyes- bone cells found in lacureae
highly vasuclar with good blood suppply

50
Q

blood

A

transport material, helpms maintian homeostasis

composed of red and white blood cells with platelets in plasma

51
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialized to contract
elongeted cells clalled fibers
2 proteins- actin and myosisn

52
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal- voluntary
cardiac- involuntary
smooth- involuntary

53
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attachted to bone “muscular system”

54
Q

smooth muscle

A

foudn in walls of digestive, urinary, blood vessels, and respirtory tract

55
Q

cardiac

A

found in heart

56
Q

nervous tissue

A

found in bran, spinal cornd and peripheral nerves

funtion to cordinate, regulate and integrate body activity

57
Q

types of nervous tissue

A

neurons- specialized to conduct electrochemical impusles
some are sensitive to stimuli
process information
transmit signals from CNS to body part

neurological cells- support, nourish and insulate neurons

58
Q

brianna

A

awesome

Advanced Biology (1 decks)

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