Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
anatomy
study of the parts or structure of the human body
physiology
study of the function of the parts of the body
requirements for life
water- temp regulation, metabolic processes, chemical reactions, transport materials
food- energy, building blocks, regualte chemical reactions
oxygen- used in food breakdown (cellular respiration)
heat- speed up chemical reations
pressure- moves most things in and out of the body
cellular (aerobic) respiration
food breakdown
Homeostasis
maintianing a stable internal environment
Negative Feedback System
opposes or resists any change from normal set point (temp control, blood pressure)
components of NFS
receptors- specialized nerve endings
control center- contains the set point (brains/spinal cord)
effectors- muscles and glands
levels of organization
atoms molecules macromolecules cells tissue organ system organism
Body coverings
integumentary
support and movment
skeletal and muscle
integration and cordonation
enocrine and nervous
trasport
cardiovasular, lymphatic
absorbtion and excretion
digestive, urinary, respiratory
reporduction
reproductive
dorsal cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity
diaphrahm
abdominopelvic cavity
supieror
above
inferior
below
anterior (ventral)
front
postierar (dorsal)
back
medial
middle
lateral
further from middle
proximal
closer to core of attachment
distal
further from core of attachment
superficial
closer to surface
deep
deeper from surface
tissues
group of cells which perfrom specialized structural and functional roles
types of tissues
epithelial- top layer of anything
connective- everything else
muscle- anything that contracts
nervous
epithelial characteristics
covers all free body surfaces major tissue of endocrine glands anchored to connective tissue lacks direct blood supply highly mitotic little intercellular space
cell shapes
squamous- pancake
cuboidal- cube
columnar- elongated
cell arrangement
simpe- single layer
stratified- multiple layers
pseudostratified- looks multiple but is single
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flat cells
allows for rapid exchange and diffusion
line lungs and blood vessels
simple cuboidal epithelim
functions in secretion and absorption
ovaries kindey tissue
ducts of salivary glands, thyroid, pancreas
simmple columnar epithelium
uterus and digestive tract
thicker to protect underlying tissue
absorbing cells have specialized microvilli to ingrease surface area
goblet cells secret thick muscus over cells
some cellss produce digestive enzymes
pseudostratified columner
nuclei are located at various levels
most have cillia
line upper respiratory tract to trap and move material
faloopial tubes to move eyes
stratified squamous
many layers top layers become flattened and dead protect underlying tissues lowest level consinuously dividing epidermis of skin and line oifices usually contain keratin (protein producing a hard water, friction and invader proof lining)
transitional
specialized to undergo changes in tension in cavity (strech)
urinary tract- bladder, urers, urethra, esophogous
glands- exocrine
secrete products into ducts
sweat, sebaceous, enzymes
glands- endocrine
secret products directily into blood or fluid around target cells
hormones
single celled glands
mucus cells
serous cells- secrete a water fluid with enzymes
connective tissue
most abundant spaced apart intercellular material (matrix) range from liquid to solid can contain fibers funcitons vary most are vascular
collagen fibers
composed of protein collagen
very high tensile strenth
flixie but ressits strechging
appear white in high concentraiton
elastic fibers
compsoed of protein elastin
can strech and return to origianl size and shap
not as strong
appear yellow
loose connective tissues (areolar)
semifluid liquid matrix with collagen and elastin fibers running in all directions
form the thin membrans wrapping manyh organs
binds skin to muscle
allows fro flexible movement of orgnas
adipose tissue
contain fat stroage cells
dense connective tissue
compose largely of collagen fibers irregular- found in drmis of skin regular- fibers in definite patter found in tendons, ligaments, white of yhes porr blood suplly slow to repair
cartilage
rubbery gel like matrix with collagen fibers produced by candrocyes- cells foudn in small cavities called lacunae
slow to heal
types of cartilage
hyaline- most common. found in ends of bones, nost rings of trachea
elastic- most flixible. external ear and larynx
fibrocartilage- tough shock absorbing. between verebae, pelvie bones, and knee joint
Bone
solid matix of mainly calcium phosphate
contain collagen to keep from becoming over brittle
osteocyes- bone cells found in lacureae
highly vasuclar with good blood suppply
blood
transport material, helpms maintian homeostasis
composed of red and white blood cells with platelets in plasma
muscle tissue
specialized to contract
elongeted cells clalled fibers
2 proteins- actin and myosisn
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal- voluntary
cardiac- involuntary
smooth- involuntary
skeletal muscle
attachted to bone “muscular system”
smooth muscle
foudn in walls of digestive, urinary, blood vessels, and respirtory tract
cardiac
found in heart
nervous tissue
found in bran, spinal cornd and peripheral nerves
funtion to cordinate, regulate and integrate body activity
types of nervous tissue
neurons- specialized to conduct electrochemical impusles
some are sensitive to stimuli
process information
transmit signals from CNS to body part
neurological cells- support, nourish and insulate neurons
brianna
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