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Sports Science P1 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Protection of vital organs
Muscle attachment
Joints for movement
Platelets, red and white blood cell reproduction
Storage of calcium and phosphorus

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2
Q

Long bones

A

Act as levers

Eg. Humerus, femur

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3
Q

Short bones

A

Weight bearing

Supporting body weight in a handstand

Eg. Carpals, tarsals

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4
Q

Flat bones

A

Protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to

The cranium protects the brain

Eg. Cranium, ribs, spatula

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5
Q

Irregular bones

A

Protection and muscle attachment

The vertebrae

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6
Q

Vertebral column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

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7
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Neck
Rotation

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8
Q

Hinge joint

A

Elbow, knee, ankle
Flexion, extension

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9
Q

Condyloid

A

Wrist
Flexion extension, circumduction

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10
Q

Ball and socket

A

Hip, shoulder
Flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction, adduction, abduction

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11
Q

Flexion

A

When the angle at a joint increases

The knee Preparing to kick a football

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12
Q

Extension

A

When the angle at the joint increases

The knee when following through after kicking a football

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13
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the body

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb towards the body

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15
Q

Rotation

A

When the bone at a join moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement

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16
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement in the shape of a cone

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17
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Angle at the ankle join increaseing

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18
Q

Doris Flexion

A

Angle at the ankle join decreasing

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19
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

Help keep bones stable
Prevents unwanted movement that might cause injury

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20
Q

Tendons

A

Muscle to bone

When the muscle contracts it can pull the bone and causes movement at joints

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21
Q

Muscle types

A

Voluntary
Involuntary
Cardiac

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22
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Wall of the Heart
Unconsciously controlled
Eg. Contracts to pump blood

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23
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscles that attach via tendons
Conscious control

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24
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Blood vessels
Contract slowly
Unconsciously control
Eg. Help regulate blood flow for vascular shunting

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25
Deltoid
Top of the shoulder Abducts the arm at the shoulder
26
Latissimus Dorisi
Side of back Adducts the arm at the shoulder
27
Pectoralis major
Front of upper chest Adductors the arm at the shoulder
28
External obliques
Between lower ribs and abdomen Rotates the trunk and helps bring the chest down
29
Antagonistic muscle pairs
Biceps, triceps Gluteus maximus, hip flexors Hamstrings, quadriceps Gastronemius, tibialis anterior
30
Biceps
Front of upper arm Flexion of the arm at the elbow
31
Tricep
Back of the upper arm Extension of the arm at the elbow
32
Quadriceps
Front of upper leg Extension of the leg at the kneee
33
Hamstring
Back of the upper leg Flexion of the leg at the knee
34
Gastrocnemius
Back of lower leg Plantar Flexion at the ankle
35
Gluteus maximus
Buttocks Extension of the leg at the hip
36
Antagonist
Muscle relaxing
37
Agonist
Muscle contracting
38
Type of muscle fibres
Fast twitch type IIx Fast twitch type IIa Slow twitch type I
39
40
Slow twitch type I
Low force of contraction High resistant to fatigue Aerobic High myeglobin + mitochondria Eg. Marathon
41
Fast twitch type IIa
High speed of contraction Moderate resistant to fatigue Aerobic + anaerobic Medium myeglobin + mitochondria Eg. 400m
42
Fast twitch type IIx
High force of contraction Low resistant to fatigue Anaerobic Low myeglobin + mitochondria Eg. 100m
43
Functions of the cardio vascular system
Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients Clotting of open wounds Regulation of body temp
44
When the body temp rises
Blood vessels under the skin increase in diameter (vasoconstriction) to increase blood from the capillaries so heat can radiate from the skin
45
When the body temp decreases
Blood vessels under the skin decrease in diameter (vasodilation) to decrease blood flow to capillaries so less heat lost by radiation
46
Vena cava
Vein which Brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen
47
Aorta
Artery which carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles
48
Pulmonary artery
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take to lungs to receive oxygen
49
Pulmonary vein
Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium
50
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava
51
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary vein
52
Right ventricle
Receivers deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via tricuspid valve
53
Left ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from the left atria via bicuspid valve
54
Septum
The wall that separates the left and right sides of the hears
55
Valves
Prevents blood from flowing backwards
56
Arteries
Thick muscular + elastic walls Small lumen Carries blood at high pressure away from heart
57
Capillaries
Thin walls (one cell thick) Small lumen Link smaller arteries with smaller veins Carrries blood at low pressure Allows gaseous exchange
58
Vein
Thin walls Large lumen Containers valves Carries blood at low pressure towards the heart
59
Vascular shunting
When you exercise your working muscles need more oxygen Blood is diverted from inactive areas to the working muscles Eg shunted away from stomach
60
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels constrict Reduce blood flow to inactive areas
61
Vasodilation
Blood vessels dilate Increase blood flow to active areas
62
4 main components of blood
Red blood cells Platelets Plasma White blood cells
63
Red blood cells
Carry’s oxygen and removes co2
64
Plasma
Transports the blood cells, platelets, and nutrients to different parts of the body
65
Platelets
Prevents bleeding (clots open wounds) by forming a plug
66
White blood cells
Help fight infection
67
Inhaled air
Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% CO2 0.04%
68
Exhaled air
Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 16% Carbon dioxide 4%
69
Lung volume
How much air the lungs can hold
70
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
71
Vital capacity
Max amount of air the lugs can breathe out after the max amount they can breath in
72
Lungs
Allows movement of air in and out the body Breathing in air enters Breathing out air exits
73
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs - lots Thin walls - small diffusion pathway Surrounded by capillaries
74
Gas exchange alveoli to capillaries
Alveoli - high pressure/concentration of oxygen Capillaries - low pressure/conc of oxygen Movement of oxygen from high to low Capillaries can oxygen from alveoli
75
Gas exchange capillaries to alveoli
Capillaries - high conc of co2 Alveoli - low conc of co2 Movement of co2 from high to low Alveoli gains co2 to breathe out
76
Diaphragm
During inspiration - contracts and flattens to make more space in the chest so lungs can expand to pull out air During expiration- relaxes and returns to dome shape to help force air out the lungs
77
Anaerobic
Glucose —> lactic acid + energy No oxygen High intensity Short duration exercises
78
Aerobic
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + heat + energy Uses oxygen for energy production Long duration exercise
79
Energy sources for aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic - fats Require oxygen to break down into glucose Slow to break down Once broken give large quantities of energy Anaerobic/aerobic - carbohydrates Don’t require oxygen to break down into glucose Don’t give as much energy as fats Easier to break down so release energy quicker than fats
80
Lactic acid
By product when carbs are broken down without oxygen
81
Short term effects if exercise on muscular system
Lactate accumulation - due to lack of oxygen Muscle fatigue - increased acidity in the cells Oxygen deficit - when muscles produce energy anaerobically
82
Short term affect of exercise on Caridio-respiratory system
Increase: Hr Stroke volume Cardiac output Blood pressure Debth of breathing Rate of breathing Gas exchange
83
Stroke volume
Amount of blood leaving the heart in 1min
84

Sports Science P1 (3 decks)

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