Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
describe fixed joint (3)
A
-no movement
-very strong
-far less susceptible to injury
2
Q
give an example of a fixed joint
A
-cranium
3
Q
describe slightly movable joint (3)
A
-some movement occurs
-works as a shock absorber
-too much movement would negatively impact stability
4
Q
give an example of a slightly movable joint
A
-vertebrae
5
Q
describe a synovial joint (1)
A
-allow wide range of movement
6
Q
state the two types of synovial joints
A
-ball & socket
-hinge
7
Q
at what 2 places are ball & socket joints found?
A
-hip
-shoulder
8
Q
what 5 movements take place at a ball and socket joint?
A
-flexion
-extension
-rotation
-adduction
-abduction
9
Q
give 2 characteristics of a synovial joint
A
-freely movable
-connected by joint
10
Q
how many planes does a ball and socket joint move in?
A
3
11
Q
how many planes does a hinge joint move in?
A
1
12
Q
state 3 locations where a hinge joint is found
A
-ankle
-knee
-elbow
13
Q
state the 2 movement that can happen at all hinge joints
A
-flexion
-extension
14
Q
state the two movements that only happen at the ankle hinge joint
A
-dorsi flexion
-planta flexion
15
Q
describe flexion
A
-decreasing the angle at the joint
16
Q
what 4 locations does flexion happen at?
A
-elbow
-knee
-shoulder
-hip
17
Q
give an example in sport of flexion at the elbow
A
-downwards faze of pushup
OR
-preparation phase of a football throw in
18
Q
give an example in sport of flexion at the shoulder
A
-end of bowl in soft ball
19
Q
give an example in sport of flexion at the knee
A
-preparing to kick a ball
OR
-running
OR
-downwards phase of squat
20
Q
give an example in sport of flexion at the hip
A
-leg moving forward for a long jumper to land
21
Q
describe extension
A
increasing the angle at the joint
22
Q
state the 4 locations where extension happens
A
-elbow
-knee
-hip
-shoulder
23
Q
give an example in sport of extension at the elbow
A
-release phase of football throw in
OR
-upwards phase of push up
24
Q
give an example in sport of extension at the knee
A
-follow through after kicking a ball
OR
-upwards phase of squat
25
give an example in sport of extension at the hip
-leg moving upwards and forwards when running
26
give an example in sport of extension at the shoulder
-arm movement of swimmer backwards prior to a dive at the start
27
describe planta flexion
-movement of the food downwards away from the ankle
28
describe dorsi flexion
-movement of the foot upwards towards the shin
29
give an example in sport of planta flexion at the ankle
-pointing toes when bouncing on a trampoline
30
give an example in sport of dorsi flexion at the ankle
foot of leading leg when hurdling
31
state the 2 locations where abduction happen
-hip
-shoulder
32
state the 2 locations where adduction happen
-hip
-shoulder
33
give an example in sport of abduction at the shoulder
-playing a backhand in tennis
34
give an example in sport of abduction at the hip
-gymnast performing a straddle position
35
give an example in sport of adduction at the shoulder
-playing a forehand in tennis
36
give an example in sport of adduction at the hip
-cross over leg action when throwing a javelin
37
describe abduction
-movement away from the mid-line of the body
38
describe adduction
-movement towards the midline of the body
39
what movement does the Tibialis Anterior do?
Dorsi-flexion of the ankle
40
what movement do the Abdominals do?
flexion of the vertebrae
41
what movement do the Hip flexors do?
flexion of leg at hip
42
what movement do the quadriceps do?
extension of the leg at the knee
43
what movement do the Pectorals do?
adduction of the arm
44
what movement do the Bicep do?
flexion of the arm at the elbow
45
what movement does the Deltoid do?
abducts the arm
46
what movement does the Trapezius do?
adducts and rotates the shoulder
47
what movement do the Triceps do?
extension of the arm at the elbow
48
what movement does the Latissimus Dorsi do?
adduction at the shoulder
49
what movement do the gluteals do?
extension of the leg at the hip
50
what movement do the hamstrings do?
flexion of leg at the knee
51
what movement does the gastrocnemius do?
planta flexion of the ankle
52
describe the 4 steps of the pathway of air
1. air is breathed in via the mouth and nose, then goes down the trachea
2. the trachea splits into 2 bronchi, 1 to each lung
3.bronchi spilt into bronchioles
4.bronchioles have small air sacs at the end called alveoli
53
describe the structure of alveoli (4)
-surrounded by capillaries so good blood supply
-huge total surface area
-very thin (one cell thick) and moist walls making diffusion easy
-short diffusion distance
54
what do tendons attach?
muscle to bone
55
what do ligaments attach?
bone to bone
56
what doe the synovial membrane secrete?
synovial fluid
57
what colour is a fast twitch muscle?
pink/white due to less oxygen
58
what colour are slow twitch muscles?
red because they have a rich supply of oxygen
59
what happens to rib cage the during inhalation?
moves up and out
60
what happens to the volume in the chest cavity during inhalation?
increases
61
what happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
contract
62
what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
contracts therefore moves down and flatterns
63
what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
relaxes and rises
64
what happens to the intercostal muscles during exhalation?
relaxes
65
what happens to the rib cage during exhalation?
moves downwards and in
66
what happens to the volume in the chest cavity during exhalation?
decreases
67
what is meant by vital capacity?
the greatest volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inhalation
68
what is meant by residual volume?
the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
69
what is meant by minute ventilation?
the volume of air that can be expired in 1 minute
70
what is meant by breathing rate?
the number of breaths taken in one minute
71
minute ventilation (VE) =
tidal volume (TV) x breathing rate (F)
72
what is meant by tidal volume?
the volume of air that is inspired and expired
73
what happens to tidal volume exercise?
increases
74
what happens to vital capacity during exercise?
decreases slightly
75
what happens to residual volume during exercise?
stays the same
76
define heart rate
the number of times your heart beats in one minute (bmp)
77
define stroke volume
volume of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle per beat
78
define cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute
79
an increase in heart rate or stroke volume causes..
an increase in cardiac output
80
cardiac output (Q) =
heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
81
what is anticipatory rise?
a release of adrenaline and a expected start of exercise increasing HR and oxygen delivery
82
maximum heart rate (MHR) =
220 - age
83
what's the waste product left in muscles after anaerobic exercise?
+ how is it removed?
-lactic acid
-removed by O2
84
give 2 characteristics of anaerobic exercise
-short duration
-high intensity
85
give 2 characteristics of aerobic exercise
-long duration
-low intensity
86
what is the principles of training? (SPORT)
-Specificity
-Progression
-Overload
-Reversibility
-Tedium
87
what are the 4 principles of overload?
-Frequency
-Intensity
-Time
-Type
88
what does EPOC stand for?
Excess
Post- exercise
Oxygen
Consumption
89
when does EPOC occur?
after high intensity periods of anaerobic work/activities
90
what 4 things aid recovery?
-cool downs
-manipulation of diet (carbs, rehydration)
-ice baths
-massages
91
how do massages help recovery? (3)
-the rubbing of muscles and joints with hands prevents DOMS, increases blood flow and reduces swelling
92
what is a cool down?
-low/moderate paced aerobic activity for 5-10 minutes
-(jogging or walking) to gradually decrease heart rate and body temperature
-flowed by 5-10 mins of static stretching
93
how does a cool down aid recovery? (3)
-helps lactic acid removal to minimise stiffness
-helps blood flow get back to normal so no pooling, reduced risk of dizziness/fainting
94
how do ice baths aid recovery? (4)
-constrict blood vessels so blood flows to muscles
-helps get rid of lactic acids
-reduces sweating and prevents DOMS
-and helps speed repair of micro tears
95
how does manipulation of diet aid recovery? (rehydration)
-rehydration replaces fluids and minerals lost during activity (sweating)
-isotonic drinks prevent dehydration and nausea
96
how does manipulation of diet aid recovery? (what you eat)
-eating carbohydrates replaces glucose used during activity
-replenish glycogen stores
97
give 5 immediate effects of exercise?
-hot
-red skin
-sweating
-increased BR
-increased HR
98
what are 5 short term effects of exercise?
-fatigue
-cramp
-nausea
-light headed
-DOMS
99
how does exercise effect the muscular system in the long term? (2)
-muscular hypertrophy
-increased muscular endurance
100
explain muscular hypertrophy (2)
-an increase in muscle mass and size
-leads to an increase in muscular strength
101
give an example of how muscular hypertrophy helps sports?
javelin- can throw the javelin further
(apples for any throwing event)
102
how does exercise effect the cardiovascular system?
-bradycardia
-cardiac hypertrophy
-increased stroke volume
-increased cardiovascular endurance
103
how does exercise increase muscular endurance?
-muscles are more resistant to fatigue
104
give an example of how muscular endurance helps sports?
long distance athletes who swim/run can tolerate lactic acid for longer
105
define cardiac hypertrophy
when the heart muscle gets bigger. it contracts with more force so stroke volume increases
106
how does bradycardia occur? (3)
-when stroke volume increases due to cardiac hypertrophy
-it means more blood is ejected per beat
-so resting heart rate is lower
107
how does cardiovascular endurance help sport?
players can work/last for the full duration of the game without fatigue
108
explain how does exercise help the skeletal system in the long term (4)
-tendons and ligament become stronger, thicker and more elastic so less chance of injury
-bones become stronger and more dense so less chance of osteoporosis
109
explain how does regular exercise help speed and give an example in sports
-speed increases due to more muscular strength
-in sport a sprinter can run at his/hers top speed for longer
-in football a winger could beat a defender
110
what is in the middle of a first class lever?
fulcrum
111
what is in the middle of a second class lever?
resistance
112
what is in the middle of a third class lever?
effort
113
give an example of a first class lever?
-neck heading a ball
-arm extension at the elbow when throwing javelin
114
give an example of a second class lever?
-plantar flexion at the ankle when doing a calf raise
-pointing toes in gymnastics
-push off starting blocks in 100m
115
give an example of a third class lever?
-(most common) bicep curl through elbow extension
