ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

What is the anterior position in anatomical terms?

Answer 1

The front or front surface of the body with palms facing forward.

Question 2

What does the term posterior refer to?

Answer 2

The back of the body with palms facing backwards.

Question 3

Define the sagittal plane.

Answer 3

An imaginary line that runs from the top of the head to the bottom of the pelvis.

Question 4

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 4

An imaginary line that separates the front from the back (anterior from posterior).

Question 5

What does the transverse plane do?

Answer 5

Separates the top half of the body from the bottom.

Question 6

What does medial mean?

Answer 6

Towards the midline of the body.

E.G.heart is medial to arm

Question 7

What is the lateral position?

Answer 7

Away from the midline of the body.

E.G. arms are lateral to the heart

Question 8

Define intermediate in anatomical terms.

Answer 8

Between a more medial and more lateral structure.

E.G. the collarbone is intermedite between the breastbone and the shoulder

Question 9

What does proximal refer to?

Answer 9

Close to the origin of a body part or limb that attaches to the trunk.

E.G. upper arm is proximal portion of arm

Question 10

What is distal in anatomy?

Answer 10

Further from the origin of a body part or the part of a limb that is furthest from the trunk.

E.G. forearm is distal portion of arm

Question 11

What does superficial mean?

Answer 11

Position closest to the surface of the body.

E.G. skin is superfical to the internal organs

Question 12

Define deep in anatomical context.

Answer 12

Position furthest from the surface of the body.

E.G. liver is deep in the abdomen

Question 13

What does dorsal relate to?

Answer 13

The back or posterior of a structure.

Question 14

What is palmar?

Answer 14

Related to the palm of the hand.

the front side

Question 15

Fill in the blank: Movements that occur in the sagittal plane are called ______.

Answer 15

Flexion and extension.

Question 16

What are abduction and adduction?

Answer 16

Movements that involve moving away from or towards a reference axis.

Question 17

Define dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Answer 17

Dorsiflexion is raising the toes upward, while plantar flexion is pointing the toes downward.

Question 18

What is hyperextension?

Answer 18

When a joint is moved beyond its normal range of motion.

Question 19

What does a gene do?

Answer 19

It codes for a protein.

Question 20

How many genes do humans have?

Answer 20

Approximately 20,000.

Question 21

What is transcription in genetics?

Answer 21

The process of writing an RNA molecule.

Question 22

What are introns and exons?

Answer 22

Introns are non-coding regions, while exons are coding regions of a gene.

Question 23

What is gene expression?

Answer 23

The process by which a gene’s information is used to synthesize proteins.

Question 24

what happens after it is translated into a primary structure of a protein

Answer 24

it creates a polypeptide chains, when the amino acis joins the RNA molecule by the triple code

Question 25

what does a proteins do?

Answer 25

it will bind along the DNA to make or stop the proccess of making proteins --> gene expression

Question 26

what is a gene in protein making?

Answer 26

the 10 feet of DNA in a guman is coiled into a dense tangle. only small percentage of DNA encodes genes ## Footnote includes inherited traits, eyes colour/blood type

Question 27

what is junk DNA in protein makin?

Answer 27

it strethces the DNA around and between genes seemed to do nothing.

Question 28

what is regulation in protein making?

Answer 28

many genetic regulators seem to be arranges in a complec and redundant hierachy ## Footnote scientists are only begining to map and understand this network

Question 29

what is disease in protein making?

Answer 29

errors or mutation in genetic switches can distrupt the network and lead to disease.

Question 30

Define genotype.

Answer 30

All factors responsible for the genetic constitution of an individual.

Question 31

What does phenotype mean?

Answer 31

An individual's characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Question 32

What is epigenetics?

Answer 32

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression. ## Footnote it has 1 cell and continues to divide

Question 33

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 33

The process by which a cell becomes specialized in structure and function.

Question 34

what is Ontogeny?

Answer 34

changes with age, neuron cell divisions stop at birth. by 2 the head is fully grown whilst the body continues growing.

Question 35

What are the three layers formed during embryonic development?

Answer 35

* Ectoderm * Mesoderm * Endoderm ## Footnote ectoderm - dorsal surface endoderm - ventral surface

Question 36

What is osteogenesis?

Answer 36

The process of bone formation.

Question 37

What is intramembranous ossification in bone building?

Answer 37

when the frontal bone has been formed as the two separate pieces of the bone then becomes one eventually

Question 38

what is limb building?

Answer 38

it rapidly divides and pushes the limbs out, from different bones ## Footnote these are expressing genes

Question 39

what is bone anatomy?

Answer 39

there is protein, it has organised glass fibre, directionally of the fibres. the oestrogen boost will cause bone resorption

Question 40

how oftern does the skeleton regenerate?

Answer 40

every 3 years.

Question 41

what are the four muscles surrounding the joint socket?

Answer 41

- synchondroses - suture - syndesmosis - symphyses

Question 42

what does foramen mean

Answer 42

hole

Question 43

what does canal or meatus mean

Answer 43

enlongated hole

Question 44

what does tubercle/ tuberosity mean

Answer 44

lump

Question 45

what does condyle mean

Answer 45

rounded end - usually articular

Question 46

what does crest mean

Answer 46

ridge

Question 47

what four things does the compact bone include?

Answer 47

1. diaphysis of long bone and thinner surfaces of others 2. lamellae are in concentric rings around a central canal 3. blood vessels run through canals 4. canal with surrounding lamellae and osterocytes are and osteon or haversian system

Question 48

What does the term compact bone refer to?

Answer 48

The most exterior bone structure.

Question 49

What is the human skeleton composed of?

Answer 49

206 bones divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The axial skeleton includes the ______, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Answer 50

Skull.

Question 51

what is included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 51

the upper and lower limbs plus girdles

Question 52

What are the primary muscles involved in mastication?

Answer 52

* Temporalis * Masseter * Medial pterygoid * Lateral pterygoid

Question 53

What is the function of the deltoid muscle?

Answer 53

It is involved in arm movement.

Question 54

What are the main types of vertebrae in the vertebral column?

Answer 54

* Cervical * Thoracic * Lumbar * Sacral * Coccygeal