ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
What is the anterior position in anatomical terms?
The front or front surface of the body with palms facing forward.
What does the term posterior refer to?
The back of the body with palms facing backwards.
Define the sagittal plane.
An imaginary line that runs from the top of the head to the bottom of the pelvis.
What is the coronal plane?
An imaginary line that separates the front from the back (anterior from posterior).
What does the transverse plane do?
Separates the top half of the body from the bottom.
What does medial mean?
Towards the midline of the body.
E.G.heart is medial to arm
What is the lateral position?
Away from the midline of the body.
E.G. arms are lateral to the heart
Define intermediate in anatomical terms.
Between a more medial and more lateral structure.
E.G. the collarbone is intermedite between the breastbone and the shoulder
What does proximal refer to?
Close to the origin of a body part or limb that attaches to the trunk.
E.G. upper arm is proximal portion of arm
What is distal in anatomy?
Further from the origin of a body part or the part of a limb that is furthest from the trunk.
E.G. forearm is distal portion of arm
What does superficial mean?
Position closest to the surface of the body.
E.G. skin is superfical to the internal organs
Define deep in anatomical context.
Position furthest from the surface of the body.
E.G. liver is deep in the abdomen
What does dorsal relate to?
The back or posterior of a structure.
What is palmar?
Related to the palm of the hand.
the front side
Fill in the blank: Movements that occur in the sagittal plane are called ______.
Flexion and extension.
What are abduction and adduction?
Movements that involve moving away from or towards a reference axis.
Define dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
Dorsiflexion is raising the toes upward, while plantar flexion is pointing the toes downward.
What is hyperextension?
When a joint is moved beyond its normal range of motion.
What does a gene do?
It codes for a protein.
How many genes do humans have?
Approximately 20,000.
What is transcription in genetics?
The process of writing an RNA molecule.
What are introns and exons?
Introns are non-coding regions, while exons are coding regions of a gene.
What is gene expression?
The process by which a gene’s information is used to synthesize proteins.
what happens after it is translated into a primary structure of a protein
it creates a polypeptide chains, when the amino acis joins the RNA molecule by the triple code
what does a proteins do?
it will bind along the DNA to make or stop the proccess of making proteins –> gene expression
what is a gene in protein making?
the 10 feet of DNA in a guman is coiled into a dense tangle. only small percentage of DNA encodes genes
includes inherited traits, eyes colour/blood type
what is junk DNA in protein makin?
it strethces the DNA around and between genes seemed to do nothing.
what is regulation in protein making?
many genetic regulators seem to be arranges in a complec and redundant hierachy
scientists are only begining to map and understand this network
what is disease in protein making?
errors or mutation in genetic switches can distrupt the network and lead to disease.
Define genotype.
All factors responsible for the genetic constitution of an individual.
What does phenotype mean?
An individual’s characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.
What is epigenetics?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression.
it has 1 cell and continues to divide
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which a cell becomes specialized in structure and function.
what is Ontogeny?
changes with age, neuron cell divisions stop at birth. by 2 the head is fully grown whilst the body continues growing.
What are the three layers formed during embryonic development?
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
ectoderm - dorsal surface
endoderm - ventral surface
What is osteogenesis?
The process of bone formation.
What is intramembranous ossification in bone building?
when the frontal bone has been formed as the two separate pieces of the bone then becomes one eventually
what is limb building?
it rapidly divides and pushes the limbs out, from different bones
these are expressing genes
what is bone anatomy?
there is protein, it has organised glass fibre, directionally of the fibres. the oestrogen boost will cause bone resorption
how oftern does the skeleton regenerate?
every 3 years.
what are the four muscles surrounding the joint socket?
- synchondroses
- suture
- syndesmosis
- symphyses
what does foramen mean
hole
what does canal or meatus mean
enlongated hole
what does tubercle/ tuberosity mean
lump
what does condyle mean
rounded end - usually articular
what does crest mean
ridge
what four things does the compact bone include?
- diaphysis of long bone and thinner surfaces of others
- lamellae are in concentric rings around a central canal
- blood vessels run through canals
- canal with surrounding lamellae and osterocytes are and osteon or haversian system
What does the term compact bone refer to?
The most exterior bone structure.
What is the human skeleton composed of?
206 bones divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.
Fill in the blank: The axial skeleton includes the ______, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Skull.
what is included in the appendicular skeleton?
the upper and lower limbs plus girdles
What are the primary muscles involved in mastication?
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
What is the function of the deltoid muscle?
It is involved in arm movement.
What are the main types of vertebrae in the vertebral column?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
