Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 225 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of a standard blood vessel

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is tunica intima

A

Deepest layer of the blood vessel
Endothelium
Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is tunica media

A

Middle layer of blood vessel
Smooth muscle
Elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

Outer most layer of the blood vessel
Dense irregular connective tissue
Vasa vasorum to keep the vessel alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do arteries take the blood

A

Away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of arteries

A

Elastic
Muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elastic arteries

A

More elastic fibers feather than smooth muscle
Allow for stretch against the intense pressure as blood gets ejected from the heart
PULMONARY AND AORTA
*found close to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Small-medium peripheral arteries
More muscle to help direct flow
Can constrict and dilate
* further away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arteries often form regions of watershed called what

A

Anastomoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are anastomeses

A

Complex interwoven vascular structures form alternate routes through which blood can flow to a structure through collateral circulation. These are important in our vital to life organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
*if one gets blocked, there are other ways for blood to get to the organ that way it doesn’t die
OFTEN INCOMPLETE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do veins take blood

A

They convey blood from our tissues back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Veins vs Arteries

A

We have more veins than arteries and veins are
generally larger in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what three ways are veins different from arteries?

A

Different layers: veins have a thinner tunicae intima and media than arteries and veins also lack elastic laminae.
Valves: veins have flap-like cusps comprised of tunica interna which extend into the lumen. They prevent back flow of blood in different segments of a vein.
No muscle: veins do not have a smooth muscle layer rendering it incapable of altering its own diameter. It depends on surrounding skeletal muscle to “pump” it back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that form the junction between the arterial and venous systems. They connect outflow from the heart with the return to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are endothelial cells

A

Cells that form the lining of all blood vessels
They accommodate changes at their locations by physically changing their own number and arrangement. The arrangement is so thin that it provides the bulk of the support for growth, nutrition, and repair tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What chemicals does the endothelium produce?

A

Vasodilators
Vasoconstrictors
Anticoagulants
Growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are arteries composed of

A

Elastic connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are veins

A

Thin walled
Larger in diameter
Less elastic tissue in tunica externa: slower recoil after distention
May contain valves- one way blood flow to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What affects blood flow

A

Pressure and resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is pressure

A

Exerted by liquid in a system
Flow depends on difference in pressure between arteries and the veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is resistance

A

Opposition to force
Determined by the diameter and length of the vessel
Inversely related to blood flow
RADIUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is motility

A

Movement of food through the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 stages of motility

A

Ingestion: taking food into the mouth
Mastication: chewing the food and mixing it with saliva
Deglutition: swallowing food
Peristalsis: contractions that move through the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is secretion

A

Exocrine: HCL,H2O, HCO3-, bile, lipase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin, elastase, and histamine are secreted into the lumen of the GI
Endocrine: Stomach and small intestine secrete hormones to help regulate the GI system like gastrin, secretin, guanylin, somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food particles into subunits (chemical structure change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is absorption

A

Process of the passage of digestion into the blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is storage and elimination?

A

Temporary storage and elimination of indigestible food

28
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system effects on GI tract

A

Vagus and spinal nerves
Stimulate motility and GI secretions

29
Q

Sympathetic nervous system effects on GI tract

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through submucosal and myenteric plexuses and innervate GI tract
Reduce peristalsis and secretory activity

30
Q

Mastication

A

Mixes food with saliva which contains amylase
Enzyme that can catalyze the partial digestion of starch

31
Q

Deglutition (swallowin)

A

-Oral phase is voluntary
-pharyngeal and esophageal phases are involuntary
-larynx is raised
-epiglottis covers the entrance to respiratory tract

32
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects pharynx to stomach
Top:skeletal muscle
Middle:mixture of skeletal and smooth
Bottom: smooth

33
Q

What are the functions of the stomach

A

*Most dispensable part of the GI tract
Stores food
Initiates digestion of proteins
Kills bacteria
Moves food into the small intestine

34
Q

What does the contractions of the stomach do?

A

Church chyme
Mix chyme with gastric secretions
Push food into the intestine

35
Q

What about digestions and absorption in the stomach?

A

Proteins partially digested by pepsin
Carbohydrate digestion by salivary amylase is soon inactivated by acidity
Alcohol and aspirin are the only commonly ingested substances absorbed

36
Q

What is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum

A

Carbs, amino acids, lipids, iron, and calcium

37
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum

A

Bile salts
Vitamin b12
Electrolytes
Water

38
Q

What about absorption in the large intestine

A

Most nutrients has already been absorbed, but the ascending colon absorbs whatever is remaining and water
Absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamin b complex, vitamin k, and folic acid

39
Q

Defecation

A

Waste material passes to the rectum
Rectal pressure arises and external anal sphincter relaxes

40
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Longitudinal rectal muscles contract to increase rectal pressure
Excretion is aided by contractions of abdominal and pelvic skeletal muscles

41
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal passages
Sinuses
Nasopharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Tonsils
Glottis

42
Q

What is a part of the lower respiratory tract

A

Lower trachea
Right and left bronchus
Bronchial tree
Lungs
Pleural membranes
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Mediastinum

43
Q

What about air movement

A

Blood in upper airways warms and humidifies air and removes particles from the air

44
Q

What pulls air into the lungs

A

Contraction of diaphragm pulls air into the lungs
Inhalation-active
Exhalation-passive

45
Q

Pressure changes of the lungs

A

Inhale- pressure outside is greater than pressure inside
Exhale-pressure inside is greater than pressure outside

46
Q

What is the dead space in the alveoli of the lungs

A

Ventilation but little or no circulation

47
Q

What is shunt in the alveoli of the lungs

A

Circulation but little to no ventilation

48
Q

What is lung compliance

A

More compliance: easier to expand, inflate, the lungs
Less compliance: difficult to inflate the lungs-either the lungs or chest walls

49
Q

Elastic recoil

A

Lungs expand and then passively return to normal during exhalation

50
Q

Surfactant

A

Decreases surface tension in the alveoli so they can expand during inhalation

51
Q

Primary digestive organs

A

Mouth/oral cavity
Esophagus
Small intestine
Large intestine

52
Q

What are the accessory organs of GI

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

53
Q

What are the layers of the eye

A

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

54
Q

Sclera

A

White dense connective tissue
No blood vessels
Clear portion in front is the cornea

55
Q

Choroid

A

Lots of blood vessels and pigment
Attached to the iris- controls pupil size
Behind the pupil is an elastic lens- focuses light

56
Q

Retina

A

Transforms light waves into nerve impulses

57
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Filled with aqueous humor
-made in the ciliary body
-makes it way through the trabecular mesh work
-drained through the canal of schelmm

58
Q

What is the posterior chamber

A

Vitreous humor

59
Q

When the pupil dilates what happens to the iris

A

It gets smaller/contracgs

60
Q

When the pupil constricts, the depth of the iris gets

A

Larger/dilates

61
Q

What happens to the pupil and miosis in strong light

A

Parasympathetic NS activation
Circular sphincter muscle contracts
Radial/dilator muscle relaxes
Pupil diameter decreases
Less light enters

62
Q

What happens to the pupil in weak/no light

A

Sympathetic NS activation
Radial/dilator muscle contracts
Circular sphincter muscle relaxes
Pupil diameter increases (mydrasis)
More light enters

63
Q

What are the main organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Prostate

64
Q

Two ureters

A

Narrow tubes, 10-12 inches long
Drain urine from renal pelvis to bladder

65
Q

Bladder

A

Reservoir for urine
Normal output is 1500mL

66
Q

Urethra

A

Small muscular tube from bladder neck to meatus
Female=1-2 inches
Male= 8-10 inches long

NUR 225 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions