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NUR 225 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of a standard blood vessel

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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2
Q

What is tunica intima

A

Deepest layer of the blood vessel
Endothelium
Basement membrane

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3
Q

What is tunica media

A

Middle layer of blood vessel
Smooth muscle
Elastic connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

Outer most layer of the blood vessel
Dense irregular connective tissue
Vasa vasorum to keep the vessel alive

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5
Q

Where do arteries take the blood

A

Away from the heart

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6
Q

What are the two types of arteries

A

Elastic
Muscular

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7
Q

Elastic arteries

A

More elastic fibers feather than smooth muscle
Allow for stretch against the intense pressure as blood gets ejected from the heart
PULMONARY AND AORTA
*found close to the heart

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8
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Small-medium peripheral arteries
More muscle to help direct flow
Can constrict and dilate
* further away from the heart

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9
Q

Arteries often form regions of watershed called what

A

Anastomoses

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10
Q

What are anastomeses

A

Complex interwoven vascular structures form alternate routes through which blood can flow to a structure through collateral circulation. These are important in our vital to life organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
*if one gets blocked, there are other ways for blood to get to the organ that way it doesn’t die
OFTEN INCOMPLETE

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11
Q

Where do veins take blood

A

They convey blood from our tissues back to the heart.

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12
Q

Veins vs Arteries

A

We have more veins than arteries and veins are
generally larger in diameter

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13
Q

In what three ways are veins different from arteries?

A

Different layers: veins have a thinner tunicae intima and media than arteries and veins also lack elastic laminae.
Valves: veins have flap-like cusps comprised of tunica interna which extend into the lumen. They prevent back flow of blood in different segments of a vein.
No muscle: veins do not have a smooth muscle layer rendering it incapable of altering its own diameter. It depends on surrounding skeletal muscle to “pump” it back to the heart

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14
Q

What are capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that form the junction between the arterial and venous systems. They connect outflow from the heart with the return to the heart.

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15
Q

What are endothelial cells

A

Cells that form the lining of all blood vessels
They accommodate changes at their locations by physically changing their own number and arrangement. The arrangement is so thin that it provides the bulk of the support for growth, nutrition, and repair tissues

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16
Q

What chemicals does the endothelium produce?

A

Vasodilators
Vasoconstrictors
Anticoagulants
Growth factors

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17
Q

What are arteries composed of

A

Elastic connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Smooth muscle

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18
Q

What are veins

A

Thin walled
Larger in diameter
Less elastic tissue in tunica externa: slower recoil after distention
May contain valves- one way blood flow to the heart

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19
Q

What affects blood flow

A

Pressure and resistance

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20
Q

What is pressure

A

Exerted by liquid in a system
Flow depends on difference in pressure between arteries and the veins

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21
Q

What is resistance

A

Opposition to force
Determined by the diameter and length of the vessel
Inversely related to blood flow
RADIUS

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22
Q

What is motility

A

Movement of food through the GI tract

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23
Q

What are the 4 stages of motility

A

Ingestion: taking food into the mouth
Mastication: chewing the food and mixing it with saliva
Deglutition: swallowing food
Peristalsis: contractions that move through the GI tract

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24
Q

What is secretion

A

Exocrine: HCL,H2O, HCO3-, bile, lipase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin, elastase, and histamine are secreted into the lumen of the GI
Endocrine: Stomach and small intestine secrete hormones to help regulate the GI system like gastrin, secretin, guanylin, somatostatin

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25
Digestion
Breakdown of food particles into subunits (chemical structure change)
26
What is absorption
Process of the passage of digestion into the blood or lymph
27
What is storage and elimination?
Temporary storage and elimination of indigestible food
28
Parasympathetic nervous system effects on GI tract
Vagus and spinal nerves Stimulate motility and GI secretions
29
Sympathetic nervous system effects on GI tract
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through submucosal and myenteric plexuses and innervate GI tract Reduce peristalsis and secretory activity
30
Mastication
Mixes food with saliva which contains amylase Enzyme that can catalyze the partial digestion of starch
31
Deglutition (swallowin)
-Oral phase is voluntary -pharyngeal and esophageal phases are involuntary -larynx is raised -epiglottis covers the entrance to respiratory tract
32
Esophagus
Connects pharynx to stomach Top:skeletal muscle Middle:mixture of skeletal and smooth Bottom: smooth
33
What are the functions of the stomach
*Most dispensable part of the GI tract Stores food Initiates digestion of proteins Kills bacteria Moves food into the small intestine
34
What does the contractions of the stomach do?
Church chyme Mix chyme with gastric secretions Push food into the intestine
35
What about digestions and absorption in the stomach?
Proteins partially digested by pepsin Carbohydrate digestion by salivary amylase is soon inactivated by acidity Alcohol and aspirin are the only commonly ingested substances absorbed
36
What is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
Carbs, amino acids, lipids, iron, and calcium
37
What is absorbed in the ileum
Bile salts Vitamin b12 Electrolytes Water
38
What about absorption in the large intestine
Most nutrients has already been absorbed, but the ascending colon absorbs whatever is remaining and water Absorbs water, electrolytes, vitamin b complex, vitamin k, and folic acid
39
Defecation
Waste material passes to the rectum Rectal pressure arises and external anal sphincter relaxes
40
Defecation reflex
Longitudinal rectal muscles contract to increase rectal pressure Excretion is aided by contractions of abdominal and pelvic skeletal muscles
41
What is included in the upper respiratory tract
Nasal passages Sinuses Nasopharynx Pharynx Larynx Tonsils Glottis
42
What is a part of the lower respiratory tract
Lower trachea Right and left bronchus Bronchial tree Lungs Pleural membranes Alveolar ducts Alveoli Mediastinum
43
What about air movement
Blood in upper airways warms and humidifies air and removes particles from the air
44
What pulls air into the lungs
Contraction of diaphragm pulls air into the lungs Inhalation-active Exhalation-passive
45
Pressure changes of the lungs
Inhale- pressure outside is greater than pressure inside Exhale-pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
46
What is the dead space in the alveoli of the lungs
Ventilation but little or no circulation
47
What is shunt in the alveoli of the lungs
Circulation but little to no ventilation
48
What is lung compliance
More compliance: easier to expand, inflate, the lungs Less compliance: difficult to inflate the lungs-either the lungs or chest walls
49
Elastic recoil
Lungs expand and then passively return to normal during exhalation
50
Surfactant
Decreases surface tension in the alveoli so they can expand during inhalation
51
Primary digestive organs
Mouth/oral cavity Esophagus Small intestine Large intestine
52
What are the accessory organs of GI
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
53
What are the layers of the eye
Sclera Choroid Retina
54
Sclera
White dense connective tissue No blood vessels Clear portion in front is the cornea
55
Choroid
Lots of blood vessels and pigment Attached to the iris- controls pupil size Behind the pupil is an elastic lens- focuses light
56
Retina
Transforms light waves into nerve impulses
57
What is the anterior chamber of the eye
Filled with aqueous humor -made in the ciliary body -makes it way through the trabecular mesh work -drained through the canal of schelmm
58
What is the posterior chamber
Vitreous humor
59
When the pupil dilates what happens to the iris
It gets smaller/contracgs
60
When the pupil constricts, the depth of the iris gets
Larger/dilates
61
What happens to the pupil and miosis in strong light
Parasympathetic NS activation Circular sphincter muscle contracts Radial/dilator muscle relaxes Pupil diameter decreases Less light enters
62
What happens to the pupil in weak/no light
Sympathetic NS activation Radial/dilator muscle contracts Circular sphincter muscle relaxes Pupil diameter increases (mydrasis) More light enters
63
What are the main organs of the urinary system
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate
64
Two ureters
Narrow tubes, 10-12 inches long Drain urine from renal pelvis to bladder
65
Bladder
Reservoir for urine Normal output is 1500mL
66
Urethra
Small muscular tube from bladder neck to meatus Female=1-2 inches Male= 8-10 inches long

NUR 225 (3 decks)

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