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CCT - Certified Cardiographic Technician > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart usually located?

A

Behind and slightly left of the sternum

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2
Q

What is the size of an adult heart

A

A large fist

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3
Q

How much does the adult female heart wiegh?

A

8-10 Oz or 230 - 280 grams

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4
Q

How much does the adult male heart weigh?

A

10-12 Oz or 280-340 grams

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5
Q

What are the 3 general layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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6
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

Lines the inner most layer of the heart, prevents back-flow of blood, and prevents the disruption of platelets

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7
Q

In which layer of the heart are the purkinje fibers located?

A

Endocardium

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8
Q

What is the function of the myocardium

A

Responsible for the contracting of the heart

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9
Q

What is the myocardium made up of?

A

Myocardial cells
Aka cardiomyocytes

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10
Q

What are the main properties of the cardiomyocytes

A

Contractility
Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity

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11
Q

What is the pericardium

A

2 layered sac that contains the heart

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12
Q

What are the main 2 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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13
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

Keeps heart in place attached to the sternum and diaphragm.
Rough protective “leather jacket”

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14
Q

Function of the serous pericardium

A

Provides lubrication
Keeps the heart from expanding too much with blood

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15
Q

What is the function of the pericardium

A
  • Cushions from force and pressure
  • Provides lubrication to prevent friction
  • keeps from expanding too much
  • prevents infections
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16
Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium

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17
Q

What is the parietal pericardium

A

Attached to the fibrous pericardium
Outermost part of the pericardium
Outermost “wall”

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18
Q

What is the visceral pericardium

A

Innermost layer of the pericardium
Aka epicardium
Covers the heart and great vessels directly

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19
Q

What is in the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial fluid

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20
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right and Left Atrium
Right and Left Ventricle

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21
Q

Which chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood

A

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

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22
Q

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood

A

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

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23
Q

Name the Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

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24
Q

Name the Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonic Valve and Aortic Valve

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25
What 2 structures allow the atriovemtricular valves to not allow backflow of blood?
Chordae Tendinae Papillary Muscles
26
How do the atrioventricular valves open and close
The filling of blood causes enough pressure to force the valves to open When the ventricles contract the Papillary muscles contract so that the leaflets stay closed
27
How do the semilunar valves open and close?
When the ventricles pump, the pressure from the blood becomes so high that the valves are forced open. When the ventricles starts to relax, the blood flows backwards into the cusps of the semilunar leaflets. This then forces the leaflets to close
28
What are the great vessels?
Pulmonary Veins and Arteries Aorta, and it's related veins and Arteries Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
29
List the pathway of blood in the heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta
30
From the Aorta, list the Coronary Arteries In order
Right Coronary Artery Left Coronary Artery Left Circumflex (LCX) Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
31
From the Aorta, list the Arteries that brand off from it
Brachiocephalic Artery - Right Subclavian Artery - Right Common Corotid Left Common Corotid Left Subclavian Artery
32
What is an Artery
Big blood vessels that USUALLY carry oxygenated blood
33
What is a Vein
A big blood vessel that USUALLY carries deoxygenated blood
34
What are capillaries
Smallest blood vessels (and delicate) that transport oxygenated blood
35
What are arterioles
Connections between your Arteries and capillaries
36
What is a venule?
A small vein that connects capillaries to larger veins. (Smallest type of vein)
37
What is the function of the cardiac valves?
To allow 1 way passage of blood Allows efficient amount of blood to be pumped
38
What is stroke volume? How is it measured?
S.V. is the volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles It is measured in mL
39
What is Cardiac Output? How is it measured?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps from each Ventricle per minute. C.O. = HR × SV
40
What is contractility
The ability to contract
41
What is automaticity
Thr ability to generate electricity
42
What is conductivity
The ability pass electrical signals
43
What is excitability
The ability to respond to a stimulus
44
What is the interatrial septum
It divides the right and left atria
45
What is the interventricular septum
It divides the right and left Ventricle
46
The left atria gets blood from?
4 veins total 2 right and 2 left Pulmonary veins
47
Which atria is bigger
The right atria
48
When do the semilunarvalves open and close
Open during systole Close during diastole
49
When do the atrioventricular valves open and close
Open during diastole Close during systole
50
Right coronary Artery supplies what
SA and AV node Right Atrium Portions of both ventricles
51
What does the left coronary Artery supply
Left Ventricle and atria Interventricular septum
52
What is ischemia
Drop in bloodflow to the heart
53
How does ischemia show up in the EKG
Inverted T wave
54
What is injury? How does it show up on an EKG?
Damaged heart cells but still fixable Shows as ST segment elevation
55
What is an infarction? How does it show up on an EKG?
Heart attack/ coronary circulation is blocked completely Shows up as pathological deep Q wave (Caridiac muscles die)
56
What is an infarction
Heart attack/ coronary circulation is blocked completely Shows up as pathological deep Q wave (Caridiac muscles die)
57
What is the equation to find aortic pulse pressure?
Systolic (bp) - diastolic (bp)
58
What is preload
The amount of blood at the end of diastole
59
What is afterload
Amount of tension thr contracting Ventricle must produce to force open the semilunar valves
60
What is 1 cardiac cycle?
1 full PQRST 1 lubb-dubb
61
Oxygen saturation of the Right side of the heart?
75%
62
What is the oxygen saturation of thr left side if the heart?
95%
63
Where is the SA node?
Posterior wall of the right Atrium Near thr superior vena Cava In the epicardium
64
Where is the AV node?
Sits on the floor of the right Atrium Near the coronary sinus In the endocardium
65
What is the inherent rate of the AV node?
40-60bpm
66
List the conduction pathway in order
SA node➡️ interatrial tract(R.A)/atrium/internadal tract (bachmans bundle)➡️ AV Node➡️ Bundle of His ➡️ Bundle Branches ➡️ purkinje fibers
67
What is the inherent rate of the purkinje fibers?
20-40 bpm
68
What factors control heart rate?
Hormones, body temp, extracellular concentration, venous return, Autonomic Nervous System
69
How does epinephrine affect heart rate?
Raises Heart rate or can cause abdnormal contractions
70
How does norepinephrine affect heart rate?
Raises heart rate
71
How does thyroid hormones affect heart rate?
Raises heart rate
72
If you have low body temp your heart rate will __
Slow down
73
If you have high body temp your heart rate will __
Speed up
74
How does less potassium affect the heart
Lower the heart rate
75
How does changes in calcium affect the heart
Effects the contractility of the heart/ how much force the heart contracts
76
How does the Autonomic Nervous system control heart rate?
Sypathetic = higher heart rate Parasympathetic = lower heart rate Medulla oblongata has cardiac control
77
Absolute refractory period is what? Where is it on an ekg?
Cells are totally incapable of responding to stimulus - QRS to the beginning of the Twave
78
Relative refractory period is what? Where is it on an ekg?
It is the period where it takes a stonger than normal stimulus to produce an action potential It is the rounded top of the T wave
79
What is the supernormal period? Where is it on an EKG?
The area where a weak impulse can cause an action potential It is the down slope of the t wave and after ventricular repolarization finishes
80
How many phases are there in an action potential?
5 phases
81
What is the order of phases in an action potential
4 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3
82
What is phase 4
The resting state In a state of readiness
83
What is phase 4 on an ekg?
Flatline
84
What is phase 0?
Cells depolarize and shorten quickly
85
What is phase 0 on an ekg?
QRS
86
What is phase 1?
Rapid repolarizing
87
What is phase 2?
Plateau phase of repolarization
88
What is phase 1 and 2 on an EKG?
ST segment
89
What is phase 3?
Repolarization, becoming quickly negative
90
What is phase 3 on an EKG?
T wave

CCT - Certified Cardiographic Technician (3 decks)

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