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CCT - Certified Cardiographic Technician > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart usually located?

A

Behind and slightly left of the sternum

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2
Q

What is the size of an adult heart

A

A large fist

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3
Q

How much does the adult female heart wiegh?

A

8-10 Oz or 230 - 280 grams

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4
Q

How much does the adult male heart weigh?

A

10-12 Oz or 280-340 grams

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5
Q

What are the 3 general layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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6
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

Lines the inner most layer of the heart, prevents back-flow of blood, and prevents the disruption of platelets

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7
Q

In which layer of the heart are the purkinje fibers located?

A

Endocardium

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8
Q

What is the function of the myocardium

A

Responsible for the contracting of the heart

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9
Q

What is the myocardium made up of?

A

Myocardial cells
Aka cardiomyocytes

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10
Q

What are the main properties of the cardiomyocytes

A

Contractility
Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity

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11
Q

What is the pericardium

A

2 layered sac that contains the heart

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12
Q

What are the main 2 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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13
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

Keeps heart in place attached to the sternum and diaphragm.
Rough protective “leather jacket”

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14
Q

Function of the serous pericardium

A

Provides lubrication
Keeps the heart from expanding too much with blood

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15
Q

What is the function of the pericardium

A
  • Cushions from force and pressure
  • Provides lubrication to prevent friction
  • keeps from expanding too much
  • prevents infections
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16
Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium

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17
Q

What is the parietal pericardium

A

Attached to the fibrous pericardium
Outermost part of the pericardium
Outermost “wall”

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18
Q

What is the visceral pericardium

A

Innermost layer of the pericardium
Aka epicardium
Covers the heart and great vessels directly

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19
Q

What is in the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial fluid

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20
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right and Left Atrium
Right and Left Ventricle

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21
Q

Which chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood

A

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

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22
Q

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood

A

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

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23
Q

Name the Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

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24
Q

Name the Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonic Valve and Aortic Valve

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25
Q

What 2 structures allow the atriovemtricular valves to not allow backflow of blood?

A

Chordae Tendinae
Papillary Muscles

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26
Q

How do the atrioventricular valves open and close

A

The filling of blood causes enough pressure to force the valves to open
When the ventricles contract the Papillary muscles contract so that the leaflets stay closed

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27
Q

How do the semilunar valves open and close?

A

When the ventricles pump, the pressure from the blood becomes so high that the valves are forced open.
When the ventricles starts to relax, the blood flows backwards into the cusps of the semilunar leaflets. This then forces the leaflets to close

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28
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Pulmonary Veins and Arteries
Aorta, and it’s related veins and Arteries
Inferior and Superior Vena Cava

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29
Q

List the pathway of blood in the heart

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta

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30
Q

From the Aorta, list the Coronary Arteries In order

A

Right Coronary Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Left Circumflex (LCX)
Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)

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31
Q

From the Aorta, list the Arteries that brand off from it

A

Brachiocephalic Artery
- Right Subclavian Artery
- Right Common Corotid
Left Common Corotid
Left Subclavian Artery

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32
Q

What is an Artery

A

Big blood vessels that USUALLY carry oxygenated blood

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33
Q

What is a Vein

A

A big blood vessel that USUALLY carries deoxygenated blood

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34
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels (and delicate) that transport oxygenated blood

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35
Q

What are arterioles

A

Connections between your Arteries and capillaries

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36
Q

What is a venule?

A

A small vein that connects capillaries to larger veins. (Smallest type of vein)

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37
Q

What is the function of the cardiac valves?

A

To allow 1 way passage of blood
Allows efficient amount of blood to be pumped

38
Q

What is stroke volume? How is it measured?

A

S.V. is the volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles

It is measured in mL

39
Q

What is Cardiac Output? How is it measured?

A

Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps from each Ventricle per minute.

C.O. = HR × SV

40
Q

What is contractility

A

The ability to contract

41
Q

What is automaticity

A

Thr ability to generate electricity

42
Q

What is conductivity

A

The ability pass electrical signals

43
Q

What is excitability

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus

44
Q

What is the interatrial septum

A

It divides the right and left atria

45
Q

What is the interventricular septum

A

It divides the right and left Ventricle

46
Q

The left atria gets blood from?

A

4 veins total
2 right and 2 left Pulmonary veins

47
Q

Which atria is bigger

A

The right atria

48
Q

When do the semilunarvalves open and close

A

Open during systole
Close during diastole

49
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves open and close

A

Open during diastole
Close during systole

50
Q

Right coronary Artery supplies what

A

SA and AV node
Right Atrium
Portions of both ventricles

51
Q

What does the left coronary Artery supply

A

Left Ventricle and atria
Interventricular septum

52
Q

What is ischemia

A

Drop in bloodflow to the heart

53
Q

How does ischemia show up in the EKG

A

Inverted T wave

54
Q

What is injury? How does it show up on an EKG?

A

Damaged heart cells but still fixable
Shows as ST segment elevation

55
Q

What is an infarction?
How does it show up on an EKG?

A

Heart attack/ coronary circulation is blocked completely
Shows up as pathological deep Q wave
(Caridiac muscles die)

56
Q

What is an infarction

A

Heart attack/ coronary circulation is blocked completely
Shows up as pathological deep Q wave
(Caridiac muscles die)

57
Q

What is the equation to find aortic pulse pressure?

A

Systolic (bp) - diastolic (bp)

58
Q

What is preload

A

The amount of blood at the end of diastole

59
Q

What is afterload

A

Amount of tension thr contracting Ventricle must produce to force open the semilunar valves

60
Q

What is 1 cardiac cycle?

A

1 full PQRST
1 lubb-dubb

61
Q

Oxygen saturation of the Right side of the heart?

A

75%

62
Q

What is the oxygen saturation of thr left side if the heart?

A

95%

63
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

Posterior wall of the right Atrium
Near thr superior vena Cava
In the epicardium

64
Q

Where is the AV node?

A

Sits on the floor of the right Atrium
Near the coronary sinus
In the endocardium

65
Q

What is the inherent rate of the AV node?

A

40-60bpm

66
Q

List the conduction pathway in order

A

SA node➡️ interatrial tract(R.A)/atrium/internadal tract (bachmans bundle)➡️
AV Node➡️ Bundle of His ➡️
Bundle Branches ➡️ purkinje fibers

67
Q

What is the inherent rate of the purkinje fibers?

A

20-40 bpm

68
Q

What factors control heart rate?

A

Hormones, body temp, extracellular concentration, venous return, Autonomic Nervous System

69
Q

How does epinephrine affect heart rate?

A

Raises Heart rate or can cause abdnormal contractions

70
Q

How does norepinephrine affect heart rate?

A

Raises heart rate

71
Q

How does thyroid hormones affect heart rate?

A

Raises heart rate

72
Q

If you have low body temp your heart rate will __

A

Slow down

73
Q

If you have high body temp your heart rate will __

A

Speed up

74
Q

How does less potassium affect the heart

A

Lower the heart rate

75
Q

How does changes in calcium affect the heart

A

Effects the contractility of the heart/ how much force the heart contracts

76
Q

How does the Autonomic Nervous system control heart rate?

A

Sypathetic = higher heart rate
Parasympathetic = lower heart rate
Medulla oblongata has cardiac control

77
Q

Absolute refractory period is what?
Where is it on an ekg?

A

Cells are totally incapable of responding to stimulus
- QRS to the beginning of the Twave

78
Q

Relative refractory period is what?
Where is it on an ekg?

A

It is the period where it takes a stonger than normal stimulus to produce an action potential
It is the rounded top of the T wave

79
Q

What is the supernormal period?
Where is it on an EKG?

A

The area where a weak impulse can cause an action potential
It is the down slope of the t wave and after ventricular repolarization finishes

80
Q

How many phases are there in an action potential?

A

5 phases

81
Q

What is the order of phases in an action potential

A

4 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3

82
Q

What is phase 4

A

The resting state
In a state of readiness

83
Q

What is phase 4 on an ekg?

A

Flatline

84
Q

What is phase 0?

A

Cells depolarize and shorten quickly

85
Q

What is phase 0 on an ekg?

A

QRS

86
Q

What is phase 1?

A

Rapid repolarizing

87
Q

What is phase 2?

A

Plateau phase of repolarization

88
Q

What is phase 1 and 2 on an EKG?

A

ST segment

89
Q

What is phase 3?

A

Repolarization, becoming quickly negative

90
Q

What is phase 3 on an EKG?

A

T wave

CCT - Certified Cardiographic Technician (3 decks)

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